(December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American soldier and statesman.
Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939 * George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943 * George C.
1: "The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939.
They did not have children. On October 15, 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (October 8, 1882 – December 18, 1978); They had no children, but she was the mother of three children with Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown.
He played offensive tackle on the football team and in 1900 he was selected for All-Southern honors. At the start of his college career, Marshall was subjected to a [incident in which upperclassmen positioned an unsheathed bayonet with the point up and directed him to squat over it.
In recognition of this work, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. Born in Pennsylvania, Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1901.
He attained the rank of first captain, the highest a cadet could achieve, and graduated 15th of 34 in the Class of 1901. ==Early infantry career and the Philippines== Following his graduation from VMI, Marshall served as Commandant of Students at the Danville Military Institute in Danville, Virginia.
Marshall received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry in February 1902 and immediately went to the Philippines.
He was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry in February 1902.
John Johnson Singer, an Army physician who died in 1934. On February 11, 1902, Marshall married Elizabeth Carter "Lily" Coles at her mother's home in Lexington, Virginia.
He was schooled in modern warfare, including a tour at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
He was the Honor Graduate of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College class.
He was the Honor Graduate of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College class. After another tour of duty in the Philippines, Marshall returned in 1916 to serve as aide-de-camp to the commander of the Western Department, former Army chief of staff Major General J.
He was the Honor Graduate of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College class.
He was the Honor Graduate of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College class. After another tour of duty in the Philippines, Marshall returned in 1916 to serve as aide-de-camp to the commander of the Western Department, former Army chief of staff Major General J.
He was schooled in modern warfare, including a tour at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
Williams responded to the routine question of whether he would want the evaluated officer to serve under his command again by writing of Marshall "Should the exigencies of active service place him in exalted command I would be glad to serve under him." (Emphasis added.) In 1913, Lieutenant Colonel Johnson Hagood completed a written evaluation of Marshall's performance in which he called Marshall a military genius.
In 1916 Marshall was assigned as aide-de-camp to J.
He was the Honor Graduate of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College class. After another tour of duty in the Philippines, Marshall returned in 1916 to serve as aide-de-camp to the commander of the Western Department, former Army chief of staff Major General J.
After the nation entered World War I in 1917, Marshall served with Bell who commanded the Department of the East.
After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, Marshall relocated with Bell to Governors Island, New York when Bell was reassigned as commander of the Department of the East.
In the summer of 1917, he was assigned as assistant chief of staff for operations on the staff of the 1st Division.
In late 1917, John J.
Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918 (1976).
Instead, Pershing began to seek out Marshall and ask for his advice. Marshall won recognition and acclaim for his planning of the attack for the Battle of Cantigny, which took place from May 28 to 31, 1918; its success resulted in the first notable American victory of the war.
He was instrumental in the planning and coordination of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, which contributed to the defeat of the German Army on the Western Front in 1918.
Marshall held the permanent rank of captain and the temporary rank of colonel; He was recommended for promotion to temporary brigadier general in October 1918, but the Armistice occurred before the recommendation was acted on.
In 1919, he became an aide-de-camp to General Pershing.
Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was Army Chief of Staff, Marshall worked on a number of projects that focused on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare.
Marshall: Soldier of Peace" (Smithsonian Institution) Annotated bibliography for George Marshall from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, Chapter XIX, General of the Army George C.
Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was Army Chief of Staff, Marshall worked on a number of projects that focused on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare.
In 1927, he became assistant commandant of the Army's Infantry School, where he modernized command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during World War II.
In 1927, as a lieutenant colonel, he was appointed assistant commandant of the Infantry School at Fort Benning, where he initiated major changes to modernize command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during World War II.
She died on September 15, 1927 after thyroid surgery that strained her weak heart.
He had been murdered by a disgruntled client in 1928.
They did not have children. On October 15, 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (October 8, 1882 – December 18, 1978); They had no children, but she was the mother of three children with Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown.
In 1932 and 1933 he commanded the 8th Infantry Regiment and Fort Screven, Georgia.
When the Silver Star medal was created in 1932, Citation Stars were converted to the new award. In mid-1918, Pershing brought Marshall on to the AEF operations staff, G-3, where he worked closely with Pershing and was a key planner of American operations.
Infantry in Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II. From June 1932 to June 1933, Marshall was the commanding officer of the 8th Infantry Regiment at Fort Screven, Georgia.
In 1932 and 1933 he commanded the 8th Infantry Regiment and Fort Screven, Georgia.
Infantry in Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II. From June 1932 to June 1933, Marshall was the commanding officer of the 8th Infantry Regiment at Fort Screven, Georgia.
From July 1933 to October 1933 he was commander of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina and District I of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and he was promoted to colonel in September 1933.
He was senior instructor and chief of staff for the Illinois National Guard's 33rd Division from November 1933 to August 1936. Marshall commanded the 5th Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936.
John Johnson Singer, an Army physician who died in 1934. On February 11, 1902, Marshall married Elizabeth Carter "Lily" Coles at her mother's home in Lexington, Virginia.
Marshall commanded 5th Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks from 1936 to 1938, and received promotion to brigadier general.
He was senior instructor and chief of staff for the Illinois National Guard's 33rd Division from November 1933 to August 1936. Marshall commanded the 5th Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936.
Marshall commanded 5th Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks from 1936 to 1938, and received promotion to brigadier general.
In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division on the War Department staff, and later became the Army's Deputy Chief of Staff.
He was senior instructor and chief of staff for the Illinois National Guard's 33rd Division from November 1933 to August 1936. Marshall commanded the 5th Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936.
Marshall's inspections of the CCC camps gave him and his wife Katherine the chance to enjoy the beauty of the American northwest and made that assignment what he called "the most instructive service I ever had, and the most interesting." In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division in Washington, D.C.
"Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938–41." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume: 28#3 1998.
When Chief of Staff Malin Craig retired in 1939, Marshall became acting Chief of Staff, and then Chief of Staff, a position he held until the war's end in 1945. As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in U.S.
At the time of the appointment, Marshall was only 34th in seniority, outranked by 21 major generals and 11 brigadier generals, but he was fifth in seniority under an unwritten rule that the chief of staff should be able to serve a four-year term before reaching 64. Upon the retirement of General Malin Craig on July 1, 1939, Marshall became acting chief of staff.
Marshall was promoted to general and sworn in as chief of staff on September 1, 1939, the same day the German Army launched its invasion of Poland.
Marshall: Strategic leadership and the challenges of reconstituting the Army, 1939–1941" in Professional Readings in Military Strategy (Strategic Studies Institute, U.S.
Marshall, emergence of a politician, 1 September 1939 to 6 December 1941" (Army Command And General Staff College, 1990) online Parrish, Thomas.
Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939 * George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943 * George C.
1: "The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939.
2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941.
He held this post until retiring in November 1945. On May 11, 1940 the United States Congress cut $10 million from a $28 million appropriation budget for equipment to detect Japanese aircraft off the west coast of America.
So Marshall got "all he wanted and more". In 1941, Marshall became a Freemason, raised "at sight" by the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia.
The report also criticized Marshall's lack of knowledge of the readiness of the Hawaiian Command during November and December 1941.
Purchased by the Marshalls in 1941, Dodona had previously served as a quiet weekend retreat for the busy couple.
Marshall, emergence of a politician, 1 September 1939 to 6 December 1941" (Army Command And General Staff College, 1990) online Parrish, Thomas.
2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941.
3: "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943.
Patton, Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr., Lloyd Fredendall, Lesley McNair, Mark Wayne Clark and Omar Bradley. ===Expands military force fortyfold=== Faced with the necessity of turning an army of former civilians into a force of over eight million soldiers by 1942 (a fortyfold increase within three years), Marshall directed McNair to focus efforts on rapidly producing large numbers of soldiers.
The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy.
In addition to accolades from Churchill and other Allied leaders, Time magazine named Marshall its Man of the Year for 1943 and 1947.
He initially scheduled Operation Overlord for April 1, 1943, but met with strong opposition from Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to commit troops to Allied invasion of Sicily for the invasion of Italy.
Time magazine named Marshall Man of the Year for 1943.
Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943–1945 * George C.
3: "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943.
4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944.
Even as late as 1944, U.S.
In Europe, where there were few pauses in combat with German forces, the individual replacement system had broken down completely by late 1944.
She authored a memoir in 1946, Together: Annals of an Army Wife. One of Marshall's stepsons, Allen Tupper Brown, was an Army lieutenant who was killed in Italy on May 29, 1944.
4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944.
When Chief of Staff Malin Craig retired in 1939, Marshall became acting Chief of Staff, and then Chief of Staff, a position he held until the war's end in 1945. As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in U.S.
Marshall retired from active service in 1945, but remained on active duty, as required for holders of five-star rank.
From December 15, 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as a special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the Nationalists of Chiang Kai-shek and Communists under Mao Zedong. As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the Marshall Plan, and which led to his being awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize.
He held this post until retiring in November 1945. On May 11, 1940 the United States Congress cut $10 million from a $28 million appropriation budget for equipment to detect Japanese aircraft off the west coast of America.
Marshall resigned his post of chief of staff on November 18, 1945, but did not retire, as regulations stipulate that Generals of the Army remain on active duty for life.
However The Netherlands ignored Marshall and Truman's administration pressure and resume its invasion of Indonesia in-order to re-occupied Indonesia as their previous colony, on-which Indonesia has declared their Independence on August 17, 1945.
Responding to the question of whether he would want his subordinate Marshall to serve under him again, Hagood wrote "Yes, but I would prefer to serve under his command." (Emphasis added.) Hagood went on to recommend Marshall's immediate promotion to brigadier general, despite the fact that there were more than 1,800 officers, including Hagood, who were senior to him. After the surrender of the Nazi German government in May 1945, Henry L.
The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War, 1945-1947 (2018) online review May, Ernest R.
Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959 Pops, Gerald.
5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947.
Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947.
She authored a memoir in 1946, Together: Annals of an Army Wife. One of Marshall's stepsons, Allen Tupper Brown, was an Army lieutenant who was killed in Italy on May 29, 1944.
In addition to accolades from Churchill and other Allied leaders, Time magazine named Marshall its Man of the Year for 1943 and 1947.
From December 15, 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as a special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the Nationalists of Chiang Kai-shek and Communists under Mao Zedong. As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the Marshall Plan, and which led to his being awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize.
His mission a failure, he returned to the United States in January 1947.
As Secretary of State in 1947–48, Marshall seems to have disagreed with strong opinions in The Pentagon and State Department that Chiang's success was vital to American interests, insisting that U.S.
in early 1947, Truman appointed Marshall Secretary of State.
Marshall said, "The fact of the matter is that Lovett bears the principal burden as I get away whenever possible." On June 5, 1947 in a speech at Harvard University, he outlined the American proposal.
Acheson in late 1947 said he was underperforming like "a four-engine bomber going only on one engine." Truman named him to the largely honorific positions of chairman of the American Battle Monuments Commission and president of the American National Red Cross.
The appointment required a congressional waiver because the National Security Act of 1947 prohibited a uniformed military officer from serving in the post.
5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947.
6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949.
Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947.
By 1948, with frailties building up, his participation was further curtailed.
Marshall was again named "Man of the Year" by Time in January 1948. Truman repeatedly rejected Marshall's advice on Middle Eastern policy.
Marshall felt that if the state of Israel was declared a war would break out in the Middle East (which it did in 1948 one day after Israel declared independence).
He told President Truman in May 1948, "If you (recognize the state of Israel) and if I were to vote in the election, I would vote against you." However, Marshall refused to vote in any election as a matter of principle. During his tenure as Secretary of State, Marshall also urged President Harry S.
From December 15, 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as a special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the Nationalists of Chiang Kai-shek and Communists under Mao Zedong. As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the Marshall Plan, and which led to his being awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize.
Both sides rejected his proposals and the Chinese Civil War escalated, with the Communists winning in 1949.
Under pressure from Truman administration and as an effort of Secretary of State George Marshall in arbitrating the conflict between The Netherlands and Republic of Indonesia, The Netherlands finally agree to withdraw from Indonesia and transferred all of its sovereignty to the newly independent Republic of Indonesia following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in 1949. Marshall resigned as Secretary of State because of ill health on January 7, 1949.
He was returned to active duty upon leaving office in January 1949. ==Awards and decorations== === Civilian honors === ==Honorary degrees== ==See also== German Marshall Fund George C.
6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949.
7: "The Man of the Age," October 1, 1949 – October 16, 1959.
Johnson and named Marshall as Secretary of Defense in September 1950.
A secret "eyes only" signal from Marshall to MacArthur on September 29, 1950 declared the Truman administration's commitment: "We want you to feel unhampered strategically and tactically to proceed north of the 38th Parallel".
In the early 1950s, Marshall argued for the speedy construction and funding of cemeteries despite budget and staff cuts for the Korean War.
All four so advise." (The Joint Chiefs would later insist that they had only "concurred" with the relief, not "recommended" it.) On April 11, 1951, President Truman directed transmittal of an order to MacArthur, issued over Bradley's signature, relieving MacArthur of his assignment in Korea and directing him to turn over command to Matthew Ridgway.
In line with Marshall's view, and those of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, MacArthur's relief was looked upon by proponents as being necessary to reassert the tenet of civilian control of the military. ==Later life== ===Retirement=== In September 1951, Marshall retired to his home, Dodona Manor, in Leesburg, Virginia.
Marshall wrote to General Joseph McNarney in March 1951 saying, "I am naturally hesitant to become personally involved in individual personnel problems, but in this case, am deeply concerned about the overall moral factor if our foreign national cemeteries are not adequately maintained...." Marshall's efforts to secure building and maintenance staff for the cemeteries were successful, doubling the number of military officers assigned to the work.
On September 13, 1952, Marshall attended the dedication ceremony of Suresnes American Cemetery in France. ===Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II=== After retiring, Marshall largely withdrew from public life.
In recognition of this work, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. Born in Pennsylvania, Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1901.
From December 15, 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as a special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the Nationalists of Chiang Kai-shek and Communists under Mao Zedong. As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the Marshall Plan, and which led to his being awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize.
He received the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize for his post-war work, despite the criticism that he was a warrior not a pacifist. ==Secretary of Defense== When the early months of the Korean War showed how poorly prepared the Defense Department was, President Truman fired Secretary Louis A.
A notable exception was in June 1953, when he accepted President Eisenhower's appointment to head the American delegation to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
(December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American soldier and statesman.
He died in 1959 and was buried with honors at Arlington National Cemetery. ==Early life== George Catlett Marshall Jr.
on October 16, 1959.
7: "The Man of the Age," October 1, 1949 – October 16, 1959.
Marshall, Special Military Funeral, 16 – October 20, 1959 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark.
General Marshall Remembered.'' Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
Without hesitation, Truman picked Marshall, adding "I don't think in this age in which I have lived, that there has been a man who has been a greater administrator; a man with a knowledge of military affairs equal to General Marshall." Orson Welles said in a 1970 interview with Dick Cavett that "Marshall is the greatest man I ever met...
They did not have children. On October 15, 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (October 8, 1882 – December 18, 1978); They had no children, but she was the mother of three children with Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown.
His second wife was also buried with him after she died on December 18, 1978. ==Reputation and legacy== Marshall's reputation for excellence as a military organizer and planner was recognized early in his career, and became known throughout the Army.
"A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria." Diplomatic History 1979 3(4): 349–375.
"George Washington and George Marshall: Some Reflections on the American Military Tradition" (US Air Force Academy, 1984) online. Hopkins, Michael F.
(Twayne, 1989) 252 pp. Taaffe, Stephen R.
The home was restored beginning in the 1990s and the house are gardens are open to the public as a museum. Throughout his retirement, Marshall served as chairman of the American Battle Monuments Commission.
(Norton, 1990), 847 pp. Findling, John E.
Marshall, emergence of a politician, 1 September 1939 to 6 December 1941" (Army Command And General Staff College, 1990) online Parrish, Thomas.
Marshall Found., 1991.
United States Army Center of Military History, 1991.
Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio-Bibliographical Dictionary of Diplomacy (Greenwood, 1993) pp 337–45. Friedrich, Tamara L., et al.
The International Center preserves Marshall's home, Dodona Manor, as a museum and hosts educational programs focusing on Marshall's life, leadership, and role in American history. Numerous streets are named for General Marshall, including George-Marshall-Straße in Wiesbaden, Germany and George-C.-Marshall-Ring in Oberursel, Germany. On April 30, 1998, the George C.
"Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938–41." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume: 28#3 1998.
Marshall Found., 1998.
Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001–10.
19 Stars: A Study in Military Character and Leadership (Presidio Press, 2003) covers Marshall as well as Eisenhower, MacArthur, and Patton. Online free to borrow] Roll, David L.
Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace (Penguin Press, 2007) Forrest Pogue, Viking, (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography: complete text is online * George C.
"President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 290-304. Jordan, Jonathan W., American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015). Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel.
Marshall was the first person to be granted such a waiver; in 2017, Jim Mattis became the second and in January 2021, General Lloyd Austin became the third.
Marshall was the first person to be granted such a waiver; in 2017, Jim Mattis became the second and in January 2021, General Lloyd Austin became the third.
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