The first appearance of a geosynchronous orbit in popular literature was in October 1942, in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O.
Clarke popularised and expanded the concept in a 1945 paper entitled Extra-Terrestrial Relays – Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?, published in Wireless World magazine.
Specifically, geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) may be a synonym for geosynchronous equatorial orbit, or geostationary Earth orbit. The first geosynchronous satellite was designed by Harold Rosen while he was working at Hughes Aircraft in 1959.
The first of these were the passive Echo balloon satellites in 1960, followed by Telstar 1 in 1962.
Although these projects had difficulties with signal strength and tracking that could be solved through geosynchronous satellites, the concept was seen as impractical, so Hughes often withheld funds and support. By 1961, Rosen and his team had produced a cylindrical prototype with a diameter of , height of , weighing ; it was light, and small, enough to be placed into orbit by then-available rocketry, was spin stabilised and used dipole antennas producing a pancake-shaped waveform.
In August 1961, they were contracted to begin building the working satellite.
The first of these were the passive Echo balloon satellites in 1960, followed by Telstar 1 in 1962.
They lost Syncom 1 to electronics failure, but Syncom 2 was successfully placed into a geosynchronous orbit in 1963.
The European Space Agency telecom satellite Olympus-1 was struck by a meteoroid on August 11, 1993 and eventually moved to a graveyard orbit, and in 2006 the Russian Express-AM11 communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable, although its engineers had enough contact time with the satellite to send it into a graveyard orbit.
The European Space Agency telecom satellite Olympus-1 was struck by a meteoroid on August 11, 1993 and eventually moved to a graveyard orbit, and in 2006 the Russian Express-AM11 communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable, although its engineers had enough contact time with the satellite to send it into a graveyard orbit.
In 2017 both AMC-9 and Telkom-1 broke apart from an unknown cause. ==Properties== A geosynchronous orbit has the following properties: Period: 1436 minutes (one sidereal day) Semi-major axis: 42,164 km ===Period=== All geosynchronous orbits have an orbital period equal to exactly one sidereal day.
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