Using the same method, the United States is claimed to have a Gini index of 36, while South Africa had the highest income Gini index score of 67.8. === World income Gini index since 1800s === Taking income distribution of all human beings, worldwide income inequality has been constantly increasing since the early 19th century.
There was a steady increase in the global income inequality Gini score from 1820 to 2002, with a significant increase between 1980 and 2002.
Scholars have devised over a dozen variants of the Gini coefficient. ==History== The Gini coefficient was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper Variability and Mutability (Variabilità e mutabilità).
Income inequality and income mobility trends have been different for men and women workers between 1937 and the 2000s.
Between 1960 and 1990, China, India and South Korea had the fastest drop in education inequality Gini Index.
According to the US Census Bureau, between 1979 and 2010, the population of United States experienced structural changes in overall households, the income for all income brackets increased in inflation-adjusted terms, household income distributions shifted into higher income brackets over time, while the income Gini coefficient increased. Another limitation of Gini coefficient is that it is not a proper measure of egalitarianism, as it is only measures income dispersion.
There was a steady increase in the global income inequality Gini score from 1820 to 2002, with a significant increase between 1980 and 2002.
They also claim education Gini index for the United States slightly increased over the 1980–1990 period. === Opportunity === Similar in concept to income Gini coefficient, opportunity Gini coefficient measures inequality of opportunity.
This trend appears to have peaked and begun a reversal with rapid economic growth in emerging economies, particularly in the large populations of BRIC countries. The table below presents the estimated world income Gini coefficients over the last 200 years, as calculated by Milanovic. More detailed data from similar sources plots a continuous decline since 1988.
From a study of 85 countries by three Economists of World Bank Vinod Thomas, Yan Wang, Xibo Fan, estimate Mali had the highest education Gini index of 0.92 in 1990 (implying very high inequality in education attainment across the population), while the United States had the lowest education inequality Gini index of 0.14.
Between 1960 and 1990, China, India and South Korea had the fastest drop in education inequality Gini Index.
Other scholars, using just 1990s data or other short periods have come to different conclusions.
Income inequality and income mobility trends have been different for men and women workers between 1937 and the 2000s.
There was a steady increase in the global income inequality Gini score from 1820 to 2002, with a significant increase between 1980 and 2002.
The global income Gini coefficient in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources. There are some issues in interpreting a Gini coefficient.
In engineering, it has been used to evaluate the fairness achieved by Internet routers in scheduling packet transmissions from different flows of traffic. The Gini coefficient is sometimes used for the measurement of the discriminatory power of rating systems in credit risk management. A 2005 study accessed US census data to measure home computer ownership, and used the Gini coefficient to measure inequalities amongst whites and African Americans.
It is related to accuracy ratio in population assessment models. The Gini coefficient has also been applied to analyze inequality on dating apps. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Reprinted in The Chinese version of this paper appears in == External links == Deutsche Bundesbank: Do banks diversify loan portfolios?, 2005 (on using e.g.
African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa the world's highest, variously estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7, although this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account, and drops again to 0.47 after taxation.
The Gini coefficient on disposable income—sometimes referred to as after-tax Gini coefficient—is calculated on income after taxes and transfers, and it measures inequality in income after considering the effect of taxes and social spending already in place in a country. For OECD countries over the 2008–2009 period, the Gini coefficient (pre-taxes and transfers) for a total population ranged between 0.34 and 0.53, with South Korea the lowest and Italy the highest.
For the United States, the country with the largest population of the OECD countries, the pre-tax Gini index was 0.49, and the after-tax Gini index was 0.38, in 2008–2009.
Taxes and social spending that were in place in 2008–2009 period in OECD countries significantly lowered effective income inequality, and in general, "European countries—especially Nordic and Continental welfare states—achieve lower levels of income inequality than other countries." Using the Gini can help quantify differences in welfare and compensation policies and philosophies.
The graph shows the values expressed as a percentage in their historical development for a number of countries. === Regional income Gini indices === According to UNICEF, Latin America and the Caribbean region had the highest net income Gini index in the world at 48.3, on unweighted average basis in 2008.
Gini coefficients are simple, and this simplicity can lead to oversights and can confuse the comparison of different populations; for example, while both Bangladesh (per capita income of $1,693) and the Netherlands (per capita income of $42,183) had an income Gini coefficient of 0.31 in 2010, the quality of life, economic opportunity and absolute income in these countries are very different, i.e.
Essentially, what matters is not just inequality in any particular year, but the composition of the distribution over time. Kwok claims income Gini coefficient for Hong Kong has been high (0.434 in 2010), in part because of structural changes in its population.
According to the US Census Bureau, between 1979 and 2010, the population of United States experienced structural changes in overall households, the income for all income brackets increased in inflation-adjusted terms, household income distributions shifted into higher income brackets over time, while the income Gini coefficient increased. Another limitation of Gini coefficient is that it is not a proper measure of egalitarianism, as it is only measures income dispersion.
Schneider et al., in their 2010 study of 162 countries, report about 31.2%, or about $20 trillion, of world's GDP is informal.
All text is taken from Wikipedia. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
Page generated on 2021-08-05