Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.
He is generally ranked among the upper-mid tier of American presidents. ==Early life== ===Childhood and family history=== Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey, to Ann (née Neal) and Richard Falley Cleveland.
In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, where Grover spent much of his childhood.
Neighbors later described him as "full of fun and inclined to play pranks," and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Cleveland's father Richard moved his family to Clinton, New York, to work as district secretary for the American Home Missionary Society.
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896 (1919) online complete; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize Sturgis, Amy H.
Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908 (1933) , handbook of the Gold Democrats, who admired Cleveland Sturgis, Amy H.
In 1853, when missionary work began to take a toll on the health of Cleveland's father, he took an assignment in Holland Patent, New York (near Utica) and moved his family again.
After his father died in 1853, he again left school to help support his family.
Cleveland returned home to Holland Patent at the end of 1854, where an elder in his church offered to pay for his college education if he would promise to become a minister.
Cleveland declined, and in 1855 he decided to move west. He stopped first in Buffalo, New York, where his uncle, Lewis F.
Democratic party leaders believed the Republicans' choice gave them an opportunity to win the White House for the first time since 1856 if the right candidate could be found. Among the Democrats, Samuel J.
Cleveland later took a clerkship with the firm, began to read the law with them, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1859. ===Early career and the Civil War=== Cleveland worked for the Rogers firm for three years before leaving in 1862 to start his own practice.
He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York.
Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War; Thurman was generally well-liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the silver question were uncertain. Cleveland, too, had detractors—Tammany remained opposed to him—but the nature of his enemies made him still more friends.
Cleveland later took a clerkship with the firm, began to read the law with them, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1859. ===Early career and the Civil War=== Cleveland worked for the Rogers firm for three years before leaving in 1862 to start his own practice.
In January 1863, he was appointed assistant district attorney of Erie County.
With the American Civil War raging, Congress passed the Conscription Act of 1863, requiring able-bodied men to serve in the army if called upon, or else to hire a substitute.
In 1865, he ran for District Attorney, losing narrowly to his friend and roommate, Lyman K.
In 1866, he successfully defended some participants in the Fenian raid, working on a pro bono basis (free of charge).
The lands were forfeited, resulting in the return of approximately . Cleveland was the first Democratic president subject to the Tenure of Office Act which originated in 1867; the act purported to require the Senate to approve the dismissal of any presidential appointee who was originally subject to its advice and consent.
Wilson, 1896–1897 (1957) online edition ==External links== Official White House biography Letters and speeches Text of a number of Cleveland's speeches at the Miller Center of Public Affairs Finding Aid to the Grover Cleveland Manuscripts, 1867–1908 at the New York State Library.
In 1868, Cleveland attracted professional attention for his winning defense of a libel suit against the editor of Buffalo's Commercial Advertiser.
Bass, the Republican nominee. In 1870, with the help of friend Oscar Folsom, Cleveland secured the Democratic nomination for Sheriff of Erie County, New York.
The illegitimate child became a campaign issue for the GOP in Cleveland's first presidential campaign. ===Mayor of Buffalo=== In the 1870s, the municipal government in Buffalo had grown increasingly corrupt, with Democratic and Republican political machines cooperating to share the spoils of political office.
No improvements to US coastal defenses had been made since the late 1870s.
He won the election by a 303-vote margin and took office on January 1, 1871 at age 33.
The Enforcement Act of 1871 had provided for a detailed federal overseeing of the electoral process, from registration to the certification of returns.
A notable incident of his term took place on September 6, 1872, when Patrick Morrissey was executed.
Elected to Congress in 1872, Bass did not spend much time at the firm, but Cleveland and Bissell soon rose to the top of Buffalo's legal community.
He hanged another murderer, John Gaffney, on February 14, 1873. After his term as sheriff ended, Cleveland returned to his law practice, opening a firm with his friends Lyman K.
When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth." Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who asserted he had fathered her son Oscar Folsom Cleveland and he assumed responsibility.
Tilden was the initial front-runner, having been the party's nominee in the contested election of 1876.
Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation", in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline, was dying of tuberculosis.
From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969). Nevins, Allan.
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896 (1919) online complete; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize Sturgis, Amy H.
Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877–1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents (2003) online edition Wilson, William L.
Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply. Cleveland and Treasury Secretary Daniel Manning stood firmly on the side of the gold standard, and tried to reduce the amount of silver that the government was required to coin under the Bland–Allison Act of 1878.
In his veto message, he espoused a theory of limited government: ===Silver=== One of the most volatile issues of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by gold and silver, or by gold alone.
American tariffs had been high since the Civil War, and by the 1880s the tariff brought in so much revenue that the government was running a surplus. In 1886, a bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly defeated in the House.
National Problems: 1880–1897 (1907), online edition Doenecke, Justus.
In 1881, he was elected mayor of Buffalo and later, governor of New York.
As biographer Allan Nevins wrote, "Probably no man in the country, on March 4, 1881, had less thought than this limited, simple, sturdy attorney of Buffalo that four years later he would be standing in Washington and taking the oath as President of the United States." It was during this period that Cleveland began courting a widow, Maria Halpin.
In 1881 the Republicans nominated a slate of particularly disreputable machine politicians; the Democrats saw the opportunity to gain the votes of disaffected Republicans by nominating a more honest candidate.
He took office January 2, 1882. Cleveland's term as mayor was spent fighting the entrenched interests of the party machines.
With a split in the state Republican party in 1882, the Democratic party was considered to be at an advantage; several men contended for that party's nomination.
He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York.
As a reformer, Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election.
The loss of Tammany's support was offset by the support of Theodore Roosevelt and other reform-minded Republicans who helped Cleveland to pass several laws reforming municipal governments. ==Election of 1884== ===Nomination for president=== The Republicans convened in Chicago and nominated former Speaker of the House James G.
Hendricks of Indiana was selected as his running mate. ===Campaign against Blaine=== Corruption in politics was the central issue in 1884; Blaine had over the span of his career been involved in several questionable deals.
A letter from the British ambassador supporting Cleveland caused a scandal that cost Cleveland votes in New York. As in 1884, the election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana.
Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation", in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline, was dying of tuberculosis.
covers Cleveland to 1884 Blum, John.
in JSTOR, focus on election of 1884 McElroy, Robert.
Mugwumps, morals, & politics, 1884–1920 (1975) McWilliams, Tennant S., "James H.
Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000).
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.
Dispute over the tariff persisted into the 1888 presidential election. ===Foreign policy, 1885–1889=== Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism.
interests in the Congo. ===Military policy, 1885–1889=== Cleveland's military policy emphasized self-defense and modernization.
In 1885 Cleveland appointed the Board of Fortifications under Secretary of War William C.
It ultimately weakened the tribal governments and allowed individual Indians to sell land and keep the money. In the month before Cleveland's 1885 inauguration, President Arthur opened four million acres of Winnebago and Crow Creek Indian lands in the Dakota Territory to white settlement by executive order.
In 1885 the daughter of Cleveland's friend Oscar Folsom visited him in Washington.
Hendricks death in 1885, the Democrats chose Allen G.
Bland, introduced a bill in 1886 that would require the government to coin unlimited amounts of silver, inflating the then-deflating currency.
American tariffs had been high since the Civil War, and by the 1880s the tariff brought in so much revenue that the government was running a surplus. In 1886, a bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly defeated in the House.
The Board's 1886 report recommended a massive $127 million construction program (equivalent to $ billion in ) at 29 harbors and river estuaries, to include new breech-loading rifled guns, mortars, and naval minefields.
The wedding occurred on June 2, 1886, in the Blue Room at the White House.
He secretly bought a farmhouse, Oak View (or Oak Hill), in a rural upland part of the District of Columbia, in 1886, and remodeled it into a Queen Anne style summer estate.
In 1887, he signed an act creating the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Cleveland objected to the act in principle and his steadfast refusal to abide by it prompted its fall into disfavor and led to its ultimate repeal in 1887. ===Vetoes=== Cleveland faced a Republican Senate and often resorted to using his veto powers.
In 1887, Cleveland issued his most well-known veto, that of the Texas Seed Bill.
His message to Congress in 1887 (quoted at right) highlighted the injustice of taking more money from the people than the government needed to pay its operating expenses.
When William Burnham Woods died, Cleveland nominated Lamar to his seat in late 1887.
He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York.
Dispute over the tariff persisted into the 1888 presidential election. ===Foreign policy, 1885–1889=== Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism.
Sixteen additional steel-hulled warships were ordered by the end of 1888; these ships later proved vital in the Spanish–American War of 1898, and many served in World War I.
Lamar's nomination was confirmed by the narrow margin of 32 to 28. Chief Justice Morrison Waite died a few months later, and Cleveland nominated Melville Fuller to fill his seat on April 30, 1888.
Thus, all of Cleveland's appointments to the circuit courts were made in his first term, and all of his appointments to the Courts of Appeals were made in his second. ==Election of 1888 and return to private life (1889–1893)== ===Defeated by Harrison=== The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison, the former U.S.
But unlike that year, when Cleveland had triumphed in all four, in 1888 he won only two, losing his home state of New York by 14,373 votes.
Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation", in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline, was dying of tuberculosis.
Following Caroline Harrison's death on October 25, two weeks before the national election, Cleveland and all of the other candidates stopped campaigning, thus making Election Day a somber and quiet event for the whole country as well as the candidates. The issue of the tariff had worked to the Republicans' advantage in 1888.
He sold Oak View upon losing his bid for re-election in 1888.
Volume V, 1888–1901 (Macmillan, 1937).
The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888 (1994).
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.
On February 22, 1889, days before leaving office, the 50th Congress passed the Enabling Act of 1889, authorizing North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington to form state governments and to gain admission to the Union.
All four officially became states in November 1889, during the first year of Benjamin Harrison's administration.
Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900 (1959), online edition Ford, Henry Jones.
America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914 (2001) Graff, Henry F.
While they lived in New York, the Clevelands' first child, Ruth, was born in 1891. The Harrison administration worked with Congress to pass the McKinley Tariff, an aggressively protectionist measure, and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which increased money backed by silver; these were among policies Cleveland deplored as dangerous to the nation's financial health.
At first he refrained from criticizing his successor, but by 1891 Cleveland felt compelled to speak out, addressing his concerns in an open letter to a meeting of reformers in New York.
He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York.
The "silver letter" thrust Cleveland's name back into the spotlight just as the 1892 election was approaching. ==Election of 1892== ===Democratic nomination=== Cleveland's enduring reputation as chief executive and his recent pronouncements on the monetary issues made him a leading contender for the Democratic nomination.
As a supporter of greenbacks and Free Silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in the rural districts, Stevenson balanced the otherwise hard-money, gold-standard ticket headed by Cleveland. ===Campaign against Harrison=== The Republicans re-nominated President Harrison, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier.
Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation", in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline, was dying of tuberculosis.
Now, however, the legislative revisions of the past four years had made imported goods so expensive that by 1892 many voters favored tariff reform and were skeptical of big business.
Even so, he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become law without his signature. ===Voting rights=== In 1892, Cleveland had campaigned against the Lodge Bill, which would have strengthened voting rights protections through the appointing of federal supervisors of congressional elections upon a petition from the citizens of any district.
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.
As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression.
The final result was a victory for Cleveland by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes, and it was Cleveland's third consecutive popular vote plurality. ==Second presidency (1893–1897)== ===Economic panic and the silver issue=== Shortly after Cleveland's second term began, the Panic of 1893 struck the stock market, and he soon faced an acute economic depression.
Wilson in December 1893.
146 (1904). ===Labor unrest=== The Panic of 1893 had damaged labor conditions across the United States, and the victory of anti-silver legislation worsened the mood of western laborers.
They failed for lack of unity and a national leader, as Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld had been born in Germany and was ineligible to be nominated for president. ===Foreign policy, 1893–1897=== When Cleveland took office he faced the question of Hawaiian annexation.
In early 1893 they overthrew her, set up a republican government under Sanford B.
Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate and sent former Congressman James Henderson Blount to Hawai'i to investigate the conditions there. Cleveland agreed with Blount's report, which found the populace to be opposed to annexation.
By December 1893, the matter was still unresolved, and Cleveland referred the issue to Congress.
But by standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of a colonial power, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, and at the same time, the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain. ===Military policy, 1893–1897=== The second Cleveland administration was as committed to military modernization as the first, and ordered the first ships of a navy capable of offensive action.
The battleships and seven of the torpedo boats were not completed until 1899–1901, after the Spanish–American War. ===Cancer=== In the midst of the fight for repeal of Free Silver coinage in 1893, Cleveland sought the advice of the White House doctor, Dr.
In 1893, after the death of Samuel Blatchford, Cleveland nominated William B.
It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896.
His intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions nationwide in addition to the party in Illinois; his support of the gold standard and opposition to Free Silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party.
Cleveland succeeded in ushering in the 1894 repeal of this law (ch.
By June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers were on strike, paralyzing the nation's commerce.
The Senate rejected Hornblower's nomination on January 15, 1894, by a vote of 30 to 24. Cleveland continued to defy the Senate by next appointing Wheeler Hazard Peckham another New York attorney who had opposed Hill's machine in that state.
Hill used all of his influence to block Peckham's confirmation, and on February 16, 1894, the Senate rejected the nomination by a vote of 32 to 41.
Cleveland signed it on July 16, 1894.
In 1895–96 Secretary of the Navy Hilary A.
In 1895 he became the first U.S.
It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896.
Altgeld of Illinois, who became his bitter foe in 1896.
The Democratic opposition were close to controlling two-thirds of the vote at the 1896 national convention, which they needed to nominate their own candidate.
Later, in 1896, another vacancy on the Court led Cleveland to consider Hornblower again, but he declined to be nominated.
Utah joined the Union as the 45th state on January 4, 1896. ==1896 election and retirement (1897–1908)== Cleveland's agrarian and silverite enemies gained control of the Democratic party in 1896, repudiated his administration and the gold standard, and nominated William Jennings Bryan on a Silver Platform.
and Beito, Linda Royster,"Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900," Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575. Blodgett, Geoffrey.
Wilson, 1896–1897 (1957) online edition ==External links== Official White House biography Letters and speeches Text of a number of Cleveland's speeches at the Miller Center of Public Affairs Finding Aid to the Grover Cleveland Manuscripts, 1867–1908 at the New York State Library.
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.
Parker. After leaving the White House on March 4, 1897, Cleveland lived in retirement at his estate, Westland Mansion, in Princeton, New Jersey.
Cleveland as President Atlantic Monthly (March 1897): pp. 289–301 online; Wilson later became president Zakaria, Fareed From Wealth to Power (1999) Princeton University Press.
Sixteen additional steel-hulled warships were ordered by the end of 1888; these ships later proved vital in the Spanish–American War of 1898, and many served in World War I.
A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.
A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.
The battleships and seven of the torpedo boats were not completed until 1899–1901, after the Spanish–American War. ===Cancer=== In the midst of the fight for repeal of Free Silver coinage in 1893, Cleveland sought the advice of the White House doctor, Dr.
Agrarians nominated Bryan again in 1900.
Cleveland consulted occasionally with President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), but was financially unable to accept the chairmanship of the commission handling the Coal Strike of 1902.
In 1904 the conservatives, with Cleveland's support, regained control of the Democratic Party and nominated Alton B.
In a 1905 article in The Ladies Home Journal, Cleveland weighed in on the women's suffrage movement, writing that "sensible and responsible women do not want to vote.
The relative positions to be assumed by men and women in the working out of our civilization were assigned long ago by a higher intelligence." In 1906, a group of New Jersey Democrats promoted Cleveland as a possible candidate for the United States Senate.
Dryden, was not seeking re-election, and some Democrats felt that the former president could attract the votes of some disaffected Republican legislators who might be drawn to Cleveland's statesmanship and conservatism. == Illness and death == Cleveland's health had been declining for several years, and in the autumn of 1907 he fell seriously ill.
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.
In 1908, he suffered a heart attack and died on June 24 at age 71 in his Princeton residence.
Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented, and by 1910, 27 locations were defended by over 70 forts.
He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York.
He also appeared on the first few issues of the $20 Federal Reserve Notes from 1914.
In 1917, one of the surgeons present on the Oneida, Dr.
postage stamp to honor Cleveland appeared in 1923.
$1000 bill of series 1928 and series 1934.
He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York.
$1000 bill of series 1928 and series 1934.
Volume V, 1888–1901 (Macmillan, 1937).
Presidents, released, respectively, in 1938 and 1986. Cleveland's portrait was on the U.S.
"Grover Cleveland: Another Look." Hayes Historical Journal 1980 3(1–2): 41–50.
"Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act" Hayes Historical Journal 1984 4(3): 44–58.
"Ideology and Depression Politics I: Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)" Presidential Studies Quarterly 1985 15(1): 77–88.
Presidents, released, respectively, in 1938 and 1986. Cleveland's portrait was on the U.S.
Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation." Pacific Historical Review 1988 57(1): 25–46.
"The Emergence of Grover Cleveland: a Fresh Appraisal" New York History 1992 73(2): 132–168.
and Beito, Linda Royster,"Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900," Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575. Blodgett, Geoffrey.
"Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" New York History 2000 81(2): 189–210.
"'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2002 5(1): 57–77.
"'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" Rhetoric and Public Affairs 2002 5(1): 57–77.
Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents (Greenwood, 2003). Summers, Mark Wahlgren.
Since he was both the 22nd and 24th president, he was featured on two separate dollar coins released in 2012 as part of the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005. In 2013, Cleveland was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. ==See also== Grover Cleveland Birthplace Presidencies of Grover Cleveland Child with Maria Halpin Children with Frances Cleveland ==References== Informational notes Citations Further reading Scholarly studies Bard, Mitchell.
Since he was both the 22nd and 24th president, he was featured on two separate dollar coins released in 2012 as part of the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005. In 2013, Cleveland was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. ==See also== Grover Cleveland Birthplace Presidencies of Grover Cleveland Child with Maria Halpin Children with Frances Cleveland ==References== Informational notes Citations Further reading Scholarly studies Bard, Mitchell.
Since he was both the 22nd and 24th president, he was featured on two separate dollar coins released in 2012 as part of the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005. In 2013, Cleveland was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. ==See also== Grover Cleveland Birthplace Presidencies of Grover Cleveland Child with Maria Halpin Children with Frances Cleveland ==References== Informational notes Citations Further reading Scholarly studies Bard, Mitchell.
Grover Cleveland's New Foreign Policy: Arbitration, Neutrality, and the Dawn of American Empire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). DeSantis, Vincent P.
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