Coffee planting began in the late 1720s, also worked by slaves and, by 1775, cocoa had become a major export product as well. The French Revolution brought chaos to Guadeloupe.
Institutionalised slavery, enforced by the Code Noir from 1685, led to a booming sugar plantation economy. ===18th–19th centuries=== During the Seven Years' War, the British captured and occupied the islands until the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
So prosperous was Guadeloupe at the time that, under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France forfeited its Canadian colonies in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe.
Coffee planting began in the late 1720s, also worked by slaves and, by 1775, cocoa had become a major export product as well. The French Revolution brought chaos to Guadeloupe.
Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation, Britain invaded Guadeloupe in 1794.
More than 1,000 French colonists were killed in the aftermath. In 1802, the First French Empire reinstated the pre-revolutionary government and slavery, prompting a slave rebellion led by Louis Delgrès.
The French authorities responded quickly, culminating in the Battle of Matouba on 28 May 1802.
In 1810, the British captured the island again, handing it over to Sweden under the 1813 Treaty of Stockholm. In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France, giving rise to the Guadeloupe Fund.
In 1810, the British captured the island again, handing it over to Sweden under the 1813 Treaty of Stockholm. In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France, giving rise to the Guadeloupe Fund.
In 1810, the British captured the island again, handing it over to Sweden under the 1813 Treaty of Stockholm. In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France, giving rise to the Guadeloupe Fund.
In 1815, the Treaty of Vienna acknowledged French control of Guadeloupe. Slavery was abolished in the French Empire in 1848.
In 1815, the Treaty of Vienna acknowledged French control of Guadeloupe. Slavery was abolished in the French Empire in 1848.
Emancipated slaves had the vote from 1849, but French nationality and the vote were not granted to Indian citizens until 1923, when a long campaign, led by Henry Sidambarom, finally achieved success. ===20th–21st centuries=== In 1936, Félix Éboué became the first black governor of Guadeloupe.
After 1854, indentured labourers from the French colony of Pondicherry in India were brought in.
Emancipated slaves had the vote from 1849, but French nationality and the vote were not granted to Indian citizens until 1923, when a long campaign, led by Henry Sidambarom, finally achieved success. ===20th–21st centuries=== In 1936, Félix Éboué became the first black governor of Guadeloupe.
Emancipated slaves had the vote from 1849, but French nationality and the vote were not granted to Indian citizens until 1923, when a long campaign, led by Henry Sidambarom, finally achieved success. ===20th–21st centuries=== In 1936, Félix Éboué became the first black governor of Guadeloupe.
– Vichy in the Tropics: Petain’s National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940-1944. Noble, G.
During the Second World War Guadeloupe initially came under the control of the Vichy government, later joining Free France in 1943.
In 1946, the colony of Guadeloupe became an overseas department of France. Tensions arose in the post-war era over the social structure of Guadeloupe and its relationship with mainland France.
The 'Massacre of St Valentine' occurred in 1952, when striking factory workers in Le Moule were shot at by the Compagnies républicaines de sécurité, resulting in four deaths.
Other major religions include various Protestant denominations. === Literature === Guadeloupe has always had a rich literary output, with Guadeloupean author Saint-John Perse winning the 1960 Nobel Prize in Literature.
The Karujet, generally made up of seven races around the island, has an established reputation as one of the most difficult championships in which to compete. The Route du Rhum is one of the most prominent nautical French sporting events, occurring every four years. Bodybuilder Serge Nubret was born in Anse-Bertrand, Grande-Terre, representing the French state in various bodybuilding competitions throughout the 1960s and 1970s including the IFBB's Mr.
There are two seasons, the dry season called "Lent" from January to June, and the wet season called "winter", from July to December. The island is vulnerable to hurricanes - among the storms to make landfall on the islands are: Hurricane Cleo in 1964, Hurricane Hugo in 1989, and Hurricane Maria in 2017. ===Flora and fauna=== With fertile volcanic soils, heavy rainfall and a warm climate, vegetation on Basse-Terre is lush.
In May 1967 racial tensions exploded into rioting following a racist attack on a black Guadeloupean, resulting in eight deaths. An independence movement grew in the 1970s, prompting France to declare Guadeloupe a French region in 1974.
In May 1967 racial tensions exploded into rioting following a racist attack on a black Guadeloupean, resulting in eight deaths. An independence movement grew in the 1970s, prompting France to declare Guadeloupe a French region in 1974.
In the early 1970s to the mid 1980s Guadeloupe saw the rise and fall of an at-times violent movement for (greater) political independence from France, and Creole was claimed as key to local cultural pride and unity.
Since the 1970s, Guadeloupean music has increasingly claimed the local language, Guadeloupean Creole as the preferred language of popular music.
The Karujet, generally made up of seven races around the island, has an established reputation as one of the most difficult championships in which to compete. The Route du Rhum is one of the most prominent nautical French sporting events, occurring every four years. Bodybuilder Serge Nubret was born in Anse-Bertrand, Grande-Terre, representing the French state in various bodybuilding competitions throughout the 1960s and 1970s including the IFBB's Mr.
Olympia contest, taking 3rd place every year from 1972 to 1974, and 2nd place in 1975.
In May 1967 racial tensions exploded into rioting following a racist attack on a black Guadeloupean, resulting in eight deaths. An independence movement grew in the 1970s, prompting France to declare Guadeloupe a French region in 1974.
Olympia contest, taking 3rd place every year from 1972 to 1974, and 2nd place in 1975.
Olympia contest, taking 3rd place every year from 1972 to 1974, and 2nd place in 1975.
Its last eruption was in 1976, and led to the evacuation of the southern part of Basse-Terre.
The Union populaire pour la libération de la Guadeloupe (UPLG) campaigned for complete independence, and by the 1980s the situation had turned violent with the actions of groups such as Groupe de libération armée (GLA) and Alliance révolutionnaire caraïbe (ARC). Greater autonomy was granted to Guadeloupe in 2000.
In the early 1970s to the mid 1980s Guadeloupe saw the rise and fall of an at-times violent movement for (greater) political independence from France, and Creole was claimed as key to local cultural pride and unity.
There are two seasons, the dry season called "Lent" from January to June, and the wet season called "winter", from July to December. The island is vulnerable to hurricanes - among the storms to make landfall on the islands are: Hurricane Cleo in 1964, Hurricane Hugo in 1989, and Hurricane Maria in 2017. ===Flora and fauna=== With fertile volcanic soils, heavy rainfall and a warm climate, vegetation on Basse-Terre is lush.
In the 1990s, in the wake of the independence movement's demise, Creole retained its de-stigmatized status as a symbol of local culture, albeit without de jure support from the state and without being practiced with equal competence in all strata and age groups of society.
Rugby union is a small but rapidly growing sport in Guadeloupe. The island is also internationally known for hosting the Karujet Race – Jet Ski World Championship since 1998.
The Union populaire pour la libération de la Guadeloupe (UPLG) campaigned for complete independence, and by the 1980s the situation had turned violent with the actions of groups such as Groupe de libération armée (GLA) and Alliance révolutionnaire caraïbe (ARC). Greater autonomy was granted to Guadeloupe in 2000.
The region formerly included Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin, which were detached from Guadeloupe in 2007 following a 2003 referendum. Navigator Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Guadeloupe, where he landed in 1493, and gave the island its name.
Through a referendum in 2003, Saint-Martin and Saint Barthélemy voted to separate from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, this being fully enacted by 2007. In January 2009, labour unions and others known as the Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon went on strike for more pay.
The region formerly included Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin, which were detached from Guadeloupe in 2007 following a 2003 referendum. Navigator Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Guadeloupe, where he landed in 1493, and gave the island its name.
Through a referendum in 2003, Saint-Martin and Saint Barthélemy voted to separate from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, this being fully enacted by 2007. In January 2009, labour unions and others known as the Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon went on strike for more pay.
Basse-Terre is the political capital; however, the largest city and economic hub is Pointe-à-Pitre. The population of Guadeloupe has been stable recently, with a net increase of only 335 people between the 2008 and 2013 censuses.
Through a referendum in 2003, Saint-Martin and Saint Barthélemy voted to separate from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, this being fully enacted by 2007. In January 2009, labour unions and others known as the Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon went on strike for more pay.
The high level of unemployment caused violence and crime to rise especially in 2009 and 2010, the years following a great worldwide recession.
Tourism suffered greatly during this time and affected the 2010 tourist season as well. == Geography == Guadeloupe is an archipelago of more than 12 islands, as well as islets and rocks situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean.
The high level of unemployment caused violence and crime to rise especially in 2009 and 2010, the years following a great worldwide recession.
In 2012 the average population density in Guadeloupe was 247.7 inhabitants for every square kilometre, which is very high in comparison to the whole France's 116.5 inhabitants for every square kilometre.
The waters of the islands support a rich variety of marine life. However, by studying 43,000 bone remains from six islands in the archipelago, 50 to 70% of snakes and lizards on the Guadeloupe Islands became extinct after European colonists arrived, who had brought with them mammals such as cats, mongooses, rats, and raccoons, which might have preyed upon the native reptiles. == Demographics == Guadeloupe recorded a population of 402,119 in the 2013 census.
Basse-Terre is the political capital; however, the largest city and economic hub is Pointe-à-Pitre. The population of Guadeloupe has been stable recently, with a net increase of only 335 people between the 2008 and 2013 censuses.
Boats and cruise ships frequent the islands, using the ports at Pointe-à-Pitre and Basse-Terre. On 9 September 2013 the county government voted in favour of constructing a tramway in Pointe-à-Pitre.
The second phase, scheduled for completion in 2023, will extend the line to serve the university. == Crime == Guadeloupe is one of the safest islands in the Caribbean; nevertheless, it was the most violent overseas French department in 2016.
There are two seasons, the dry season called "Lent" from January to June, and the wet season called "winter", from July to December. The island is vulnerable to hurricanes - among the storms to make landfall on the islands are: Hurricane Cleo in 1964, Hurricane Hugo in 1989, and Hurricane Maria in 2017. ===Flora and fauna=== With fertile volcanic soils, heavy rainfall and a warm climate, vegetation on Basse-Terre is lush.
Unemployment is especially high among the youth population. In 2017, the Gross domestic product (GDP) of Guadeloupe was €9.079 billion, and showed 3.4% growth.
Banana exports suffered in 2017 from damages due to Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria. === Tourism === Tourism is the one of the most prominent sources of income, with most visitors coming from France and North America.
The first phase will link northern Abymes to downtown Pointe-à-Pitre by 2019.
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