Science fiction critic Gary Westfahl argues that neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy; instead they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful. Stories revolving around scientific and technical consistency were written as early as the 1870s with the publication of Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea in 1870, among other stories.
The Golden Age of Science Fiction is generally considered to have started in the late 1930s and lasted until the mid-1940s, bringing with it "a quantum jump in quality, perhaps the greatest in the history of the genre", according to science fiction historians Peter Nicholls and Mike Ashley. However, Gernsback's views were unchanged.
During Gernsback's long absence from SF publishing, from 1936 to 1953, the field evolved away from his focus on facts and education.
For example, the development of concrete proposals for spaceships, space stations, space missions, and a US space program in the 1950s and 1960s influenced a widespread proliferation of "hard" space stories.
During Gernsback's long absence from SF publishing, from 1936 to 1953, the field evolved away from his focus on facts and education.
For example, a group at MIT concluded that the planet Mesklin in Hal Clement's 1953 novel Mission of Gravity would have had a sharp edge at the equator, and a Florida high-school class calculated that in Larry Niven's 1970 novel Ringworld the topsoil would have slid into the seas in a few thousand years.
The term was first used in print in 1957 by P.
For example, the development of concrete proposals for spaceships, space stations, space missions, and a US space program in the 1950s and 1960s influenced a widespread proliferation of "hard" space stories.
Clarke's 1961 novel A Fall of Moondust hard SF, and the designation remains valid even though a crucial plot element, the existence of deep pockets of "moondust" in lunar craters, is now known to be incorrect. There is a degree of flexibility in how far from "real science" a story can stray before it leaves the realm of hard SF.
The complementary term soft science fiction, formed by analogy to hard science fiction, first appeared in the late 1970s.
For example, a group at MIT concluded that the planet Mesklin in Hal Clement's 1953 novel Mission of Gravity would have had a sharp edge at the equator, and a Florida high-school class calculated that in Larry Niven's 1970 novel Ringworld the topsoil would have slid into the seas in a few thousand years.
Hartwell, "Hard Science Fiction,", Introduction to The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard Science Fiction, 1994, Kathryn Cramer's chapter on hard science fiction in The Cambridge Companion to SF, ed.
Clarke, A Fall of Moondust (1961), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Rendezvous with Rama (1972) Robert A.
Samuelson, "Hard SF", pp. 194–200, The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction, 2009. ==External links== Hard Science Fiction Exclusive Interviews Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index The Ascent of Wonder by David G.
Story notes and introductions. The Ten Best Hard Science Fiction Books of all Time, selected by the editors of MIT's Technology Review, 2011 "Low-Level Science fiction: Sci-fi with hard science and a literary slant" TV Tropes' "Mohs Scale of Science Fiction Hardness" 1950s neologisms Science fiction genres Setting Science-Fiction#Hard Science-Fiction
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