These revolts included the Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839, the Revolt of 1843–44, and the Revolt of 1847.
These revolts included the Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839, the Revolt of 1843–44, and the Revolt of 1847.
These revolts included the Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839, the Revolt of 1843–44, and the Revolt of 1847.
The Albanians proved generally faithful to Ottoman rule following the end of the resistance led by Skanderbeg, and accepted Islam more easily than their neighbors. == Modern == === National Renaissance === In the 1870s, the Sublime Porte's reforms aimed at checking the Ottoman Empire's disintegration had failed.
The league was formed at a meeting of 47 Ottoman beys in Prizren on 18 June 1878.
In August 1878, the Congress of Berlin ordered a commission to determine the border between the Ottoman Empire and Montenegro.
Albanian diplomatic and military efforts were successful in wresting control of Epirus, however some lands were still ceded to Greece by 1881. The League's founding figure Abdyl Frashëri influenced the League to demand autonomy and wage open war against the Ottomans.
Frashëri, who originally received a death sentence, was imprisoned until 1885 and exiled until his death seven years later.
A similar league was established in 1899 in Peja by former League member Haxhi Zeka.
The league ended its activity in 1900 after an armed conflict with the Ottoman forces.
Zeka was assassinated by a Serbian agent Adem Zajmi in 1902. === Independence === The initial sparks of the first Balkan war in 1912 were ignited by the Albanian uprising between 1908 and 1910, which had the aim of opposing the Young Turk policies of consolidation of the Ottoman Empire.
Zeka was assassinated by a Serbian agent Adem Zajmi in 1902. === Independence === The initial sparks of the first Balkan war in 1912 were ignited by the Albanian uprising between 1908 and 1910, which had the aim of opposing the Young Turk policies of consolidation of the Ottoman Empire.
Zeka was assassinated by a Serbian agent Adem Zajmi in 1902. === Independence === The initial sparks of the first Balkan war in 1912 were ignited by the Albanian uprising between 1908 and 1910, which had the aim of opposing the Young Turk policies of consolidation of the Ottoman Empire.
The unsuccessful uprising of 1910, 1911 and the successful and final Albanian revolt in the Ottoman Empire in 1912, as well as the Serbian and Greek occupation and attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlorë on 28 November 1912.
The unsuccessful uprising of 1910, 1911 and the successful and final Albanian revolt in the Ottoman Empire in 1912, as well as the Serbian and Greek occupation and attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlorë on 28 November 1912.
Albania remained under Ottoman control as part of the province of Rumelia until 1912; with some interruptions during the 18th and 19th century with the establishment of autonomy minded Albanian lords.
Zeka was assassinated by a Serbian agent Adem Zajmi in 1902. === Independence === The initial sparks of the first Balkan war in 1912 were ignited by the Albanian uprising between 1908 and 1910, which had the aim of opposing the Young Turk policies of consolidation of the Ottoman Empire.
The unsuccessful uprising of 1910, 1911 and the successful and final Albanian revolt in the Ottoman Empire in 1912, as well as the Serbian and Greek occupation and attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlorë on 28 November 1912.
Upon termination of Albania from Turkey in 1912, as in all other fields, the customs administration continued its operation under legislation approved specifically for the procedure.
This flag was sewn after Skanderbeg's principality flag, which had been used more than 500 years earlier. Albanian independence was recognized by the Conference of London on 29 July 1913.
Greece held the area between 1914 and 1916, and unsuccessfully tried to annex it in March 1916; however in 1917 the Greeks were driven from the area by Italy, which took over most of Albania.
Instead the offer went to William of Wied, a German prince who accepted and became sovereign of the new Principality of Albania. The Principality was established on 21 February 1914.
A formal offer was made by 18 Albanian delegates representing the 18 districts of Albania on 21 February 1914, an offer which he accepted.
William left Albania on 3 September 1914 following a pan-Islamic revolt initiated by Essad Pasha Toptani and later headed by Haji Kamil, the latter the military commander of the "Muslim State of Central Albania" centered in Tirana.
Still others, including many beys and clan chiefs, recognized no superior authority. Prince William left Albania on 3 September 1914, as a result of the Peasant Revolt initiated by Essad Pasha and later taken over by Haxhi Qamili.
William subsequently joined the German army and served on the Eastern Front, but never renounced his claim to the throne. In the country's south, the local Greek population revolted against the incorporation of the area into the new Albanian state and declared the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus at 28 February. In late 1914, Greece occupied the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, including Korçë and Gjirokastër.
Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces then occupied about two-thirds of the country (Bulgarian occupation of Albania). Under the secret Treaty of London signed in April 1915, Triple Entente powers promised Italy that it would gain Vlorë (Valona) and nearby lands and a protectorate over Albania in exchange for entering the war against Austria-Hungary.
Greece held the area between 1914 and 1916, and unsuccessfully tried to annex it in March 1916; however in 1917 the Greeks were driven from the area by Italy, which took over most of Albania.
Greece held the area between 1914 and 1916, and unsuccessfully tried to annex it in March 1916; however in 1917 the Greeks were driven from the area by Italy, which took over most of Albania.
The treaty left a tiny Albanian state that would be represented by Italy in its relations with the other major powers. In September 1918, Entente forces broke through the Central Powers' lines north of Thessaloniki and within days Austro-Hungarian forces began to withdraw from Albania.
The Serbs, who largely dictated Yugoslavia's foreign policy after World War I, strove to take over northern Albania, and the Greeks sought to control southern Albania. A delegation sent by a postwar Albanian National Assembly that met at Durrës in December 1918 defended Albanian interests at the Paris Peace Conference, but the conference denied Albania official representation.
The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded the area to Greece.
In February 1920, the government moved to Tirana, which became Albania's capital. One month later, in March 1920, U.S.
That success did not last long, as post-war domestic problems, Albanian resistance, and pressure from United States President Woodrow Wilson, forced Italy to pull out in 1920. When Mussolini took power in Italy he turned with renewed interest to Albania.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
However the area definitively reverted to Albanian control in November 1921, following Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War. == Principality of Albania == In supporting the independence of Albania, the Great Powers were assisted by Aubrey Herbert, a British MP who passionately advocated the Albanian cause in London.
Between July and December 1921 alone, the premiership changed hands five times. The Popular Party's head, Xhafer Ypi, formed a government in December 1921 with Fan S.
The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople recognized the autocephaly of the Albanian Orthodox Church after a meeting of the country's Albanian Orthodox congregations in Berat in August 1922.
Noli as foreign minister and Ahmed Bey Zogu as internal affairs minister, but Noli resigned soon after Zogu resorted to repression in an attempt to disarm the lowland Albanians despite the fact that bearing arms was a traditional custom. When the government's enemies attacked Tirana in early 1922, Zogu stayed in the capital and, with the support of the British ambassador, repulsed the assault.
Albania's conservative Sunni Muslim community broke its last ties with Constantinople in 1923, formally declaring that there had been no caliph since Muhammad himself and that Muslim Albanians pledged primary allegiance to their native country.
After the walkout, discontent mounted, and in June 1924 a peasant-backed insurgency had won control of Tirana.
After Noli decided to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, a bitter enemy of the Serbian ruling family, Belgrade began making wild allegations that Albania was about to embrace Bolshevism. On 13 December 1924, Zogu's Yugoslav-backed army crossed into Albanian territory.
Under Zogu, Albania joined the Italian coalition against Yugoslavia of Kingdom of Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria in 1924–1927.
Italy began penetration of Albania's economy in 1925, when Albania agreed to allow it to exploit its mineral resources.
In 1931, Zog openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 First Treaty of Tirana. === Financial crisis === In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania.
That was followed by the First Treaty of Tirana in 1926 and the Second Treaty of Tirana in 1927, whereby Italy and Albania entered into a defensive alliance.
In 1931 he openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 Treaty of Tirana.
After the United Kingdom's and France's political intervention in 1927 with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the alliance crumbled.
That was followed by the First Treaty of Tirana in 1926 and the Second Treaty of Tirana in 1927, whereby Italy and Albania entered into a defensive alliance.
He would be the first and only Albanian to hold the title of president until 1991. == Kingdom of Albania == In 1928, Zogu I secured the Parliament's consent to its own dissolution.
Mussolini's forces overthrew King Zog when Italy invaded Albania in 1939. == World War II == Starting in 1928, but especially during the Great Depression, the government of King Zog, which brought law and order to the country, began to cede Albania's sovereignty to Italy.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
Nevertheless, on a visit to Vienna in 1931, Zog and his bodyguards fought a gun battle with would-be assassins Aziz Çami and Ndok Gjeloshi on the Opera House steps. Zog remained sensitive to steadily mounting disillusion with Italy's domination of Albania.
In 1931, Zog openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 First Treaty of Tirana. === Financial crisis === In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania.
In 1931 he openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 Treaty of Tirana.
In 1931, Zog openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 First Treaty of Tirana. === Financial crisis === In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania.
In 1931, Zog openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 First Treaty of Tirana. === Financial crisis === In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania.
In 1934, Albania had signed trade agreements with Yugoslavia and Greece, and Mussolini had suspended all payments to Tirana.
After Albania signed trade agreements with Yugoslavia and Greece in 1934, Mussolini made a failed attempt to intimidate the Albanians by sending a fleet of warships to Albania. As Nazi Germany annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia, Italy saw itself becoming a second-rate member of the Axis.
In 1935 he presented the Albanian government 3 million gold francs as a gift. Zog's success in defeating two local rebellions convinced Mussolini that the Italians had to reach a new agreement with the Albanian king.
Mussolini's forces overthrew King Zog when Italy invaded Albania in 1939. == World War II == Starting in 1928, but especially during the Great Depression, the government of King Zog, which brought law and order to the country, began to cede Albania's sovereignty to Italy.
Despite some significant resistance, especially at Durrës, Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and took control of the country, with the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini proclaiming Italy's figurehead King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as King of Albania.
After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia (15 March 1939) without notifying Mussolini in advance, the Italian dictator decided to proceed with his own annexation of Albania.
Rome, however, delivered Tirana an ultimatum on 25 March 1939, demanding that it accede to Italy's occupation of Albania.
Some 1,200 Jewish residents and refugees from other Balkan countries were hidden by Albanian families during World War II, according to official records. === Albanian resistance in World War II === The National Liberation War of the Albanian people started with the Italian invasion in Albania on 7 April 1939 and ended on 28 November 1944.
In the 1939–1941 period, the antifascist resistance was led by the National Front nationalist groups and later by the Communist Party. === Communist resistance === In October 1941, the small Albanian communist groups established in Tirana an Albanian Communist Party of 130 members under the leadership of Hoxha and an eleven-man Central Committee.
At the same time, the colonization of Albania by Italians was encouraged. Mussolini, in October 1940, used his Albanian base to launch an attack on Greece, which led to the defeat of the Italian forces and the Greek occupation of Southern Albania in what was seen by the Greeks as the liberation of Northern Epirus.
While preparing for the Invasion of Russia, Hitler decided to attack Greece in December 1940 to prevent a British attack on his southern flank. === Italian penetration === Albania had long had considerable strategic importance for Italy.
The puppet Albanian Fascist Party became the ruling party of the country and the Fascists allowed Italian citizens to settle in Albania and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil. In October 1940, during the Greco-Italian War, Albania served as a staging-area for Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's unsuccessful invasion of Greece.
On 3 December 1941, Shefqet Bej Verlaci was replaced as Prime Minister and Head of State by Mustafa Merlika Kruja. From the start, Albanian foreign affairs, customs, as well as natural resources came under direct control of Italy.
In April 1941, after Greece capitulated to the German forces, the Greek territorial gains in southern Albania returned to Italian command.
Under Italian command came also large areas of Greece after the successful German invasion of Greece. After the fall of Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941, the Italian Fascists added to the territory of the Kingdom of Albania most of the Albanian-inhabited areas that had been previously given to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
The Albanian fascists claimed in May 1941 that nearly all the Albanian populated territories were united to Albania (see map).
In the 1939–1941 period, the antifascist resistance was led by the National Front nationalist groups and later by the Communist Party. === Communist resistance === In October 1941, the small Albanian communist groups established in Tirana an Albanian Communist Party of 130 members under the leadership of Hoxha and an eleven-man Central Committee.
The Albanian communists supported the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and did not participate in the antifascist struggle until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
In September 1942, the party organized a popular front organization, the National Liberation Movement (NLM), from a number of resistance groups, including several that were strongly anticommunist.
Partisan leaders, on the contrary, counted on using the lust for revenge such reprisals would elicit to win recruits. The communists turned the so-called war of liberation into a civil war, especially after the discovery of the Dalmazzo-Kelcyra protocol, signed by the Balli Kombëtar. With the intention of organizing a partisan resistance, they called a general conference in Pezë on 16 September 1942 where the Albanian National Liberation Front was set up.
The Front included nationalist groups, but it was dominated by communist partisans. In December 1942, more Albanian nationalist groups were organized.
Albanians fought against the Italians while, during Nazi German occupation, Balli Kombëtar allied itself with the Germans and clashed with Albanian communists, which continued their fight against Germans and Balli Kombëtar at the same time. === Nationalist resistance === A nationalist resistance to the Italian occupiers emerged in November 1942.
In December 1943, a third resistance organization, an anticommunist, anti-German royalist group known as Legaliteti, took shape in Albania's northern mountains.
Before the second World War, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had supported transferring Kosovo to Albania, but Yugoslavia's postwar communist regime insisted on preserving the country's prewar borders. In repudiating the 1943 Mukaj agreement under pressure from the Yugoslavs, Albania's communists had consented to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia after the war.
Led by Abaz Kupi, it largely consisted of Geg guerrillas, supplied mainly with weapons from the allies, who withdrew their support for the NLM after the communists renounced Albania's claims on Kosovo. The capital Tirana was liberated by the partisans on 17 November 1944 after a 20-day battle.
The communist partizans entirely liberated Albania from German occupation on 29 November 1944, pursuing the German army till Višegrad, Bosnia (then Yugoslavia) in collaboration with the Yugoslav communist forces. The Albanian partisans also liberated Kosovo, part of Montenegro, and southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. By November 1944, they had thrown out the Germans, being with Yugoslavia the only European nations to do so without any assistance from the allies.
Some 1,200 Jewish residents and refugees from other Balkan countries were hidden by Albanian families during World War II, according to official records. === Albanian resistance in World War II === The National Liberation War of the Albanian people started with the Italian invasion in Albania on 7 April 1939 and ended on 28 November 1944.
The Balli Kombëtar's leaders acted conservatively, however, fearing that the occupiers would carry out reprisals against them or confiscate the landowners' estates. === Communist revolution in Albania (1944) === The communist partisans regrouped and gained control of southern Albania in January 1944.
Hoxha became the chairman of the council's executive committee and the National Liberation Army's supreme commander. The communist partisans defeated the last Balli Kombëtar forces in southern Albania by mid-summer 1944 and encountered only scattered resistance from the Balli Kombëtar and Legality when they entered central and northern Albania by the end of July.
After Germany's withdrawal from Kosovo in late 1944, Yugoslavia's communist partisans took possession of the province and committed retaliatory massacres against Albanians.
In 1945, the communists had liquidated, discredited, or driven into exile most of the country's interwar elite.
In January 1945, the two governments signed a treaty reincorporating Kosovo into Yugoslavia as an autonomous province.
The assembly convened in January 1946, annulled the monarchy, and transformed Albania into a "people's republic." Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu emerged as communist leaders in Albania, and are recognized by most western nations.
Tito distrusted Hoxha and the other intellectuals in the Albanian party and, through Xoxe and his loyalists, attempted to unseat them. In 1947, Yugoslavia's leaders engineered an all-out offensive against anti-Yugoslav Albanian communists, including Hoxha and Spiru.
A special decree abrogated the charters by which the country's main religious communities had operated. === Albania and Yugoslavia === Until Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Cominform in 1948, Albania acted like a Yugoslav satellite and the President of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito aimed to use his choke hold on the Albanian party to incorporate the entire country into Yugoslavia.
A month later, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's Central Committee accused Hoxha of following "independent" policies and turning the Albanian people against Yugoslavia. === Albania and the Soviet Union === Albania became dependent on Soviet aid and know-how after the break with Yugoslavia in 1948.
In February 1949, Albania gained membership in the communist bloc's organization for coordinating economic planning, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
In 1949, Albania adopted the basic elements of the Soviet fiscal system, under which state enterprises paid direct contributions to the treasury from their profits and kept only a share authorized for self-financed investments and other purposes.
In 1951, the Albanian government launched its first five-year plan, which emphasized exploiting the country's oil, chromite, copper, nickel, asphalt, and coal resources; expanding electricity production and the power grid; increasing agricultural output; and improving transportation.
At the time, private farms still produced about 87% of Albania's agricultural output, but by 1960 the same percentage came from collective or state farms. Stalin died in March 1953, and apparently fearing that the Soviet ruler's demise might encourage rivals within the Albanian party's ranks, neither Hoxha nor Shehu risked traveling to Moscow to attend his funeral.
In July 1953, Hoxha handed over the foreign affairs and defense portfolios to loyal followers, but he kept both the top party post and the premiership until 1954, when Shehu became Albania's prime minister.
Tirana and Belgrade renewed diplomatic relations in December 1953, but Hoxha refused Khrushchev's repeated appeals to rehabilitate posthumously the pro-Yugoslav Xoxe as a gesture to Tito.
In July 1953, Hoxha handed over the foreign affairs and defense portfolios to loyal followers, but he kept both the top party post and the premiership until 1954, when Shehu became Albania's prime minister.
The government began a program of rapid industrialization after the APL's Second Party Congress and a campaign of forced collectivization of farmland in 1955.
Political executions were common with between 5,000 and 25,000 killed in total under the communist regime. Albania became an ally of the Soviet Union, but this came to an end after 1956 over the advent of de-Stalinization, causing the Soviet-Albanian split.
In 1958, the nation stood with the People's Republic of China in opposing Moscow on issues of peaceful coexistence, de-Stalinization, and Yugoslavia's separate road to socialism through decentralization of economic life.
During the period of 1960 to 1970, the average annual rate of increase of Albania's national income was 29 percent higher than the world average and 56 percent higher than the European average.
At the time, private farms still produced about 87% of Albania's agricultural output, but by 1960 the same percentage came from collective or state farms. Stalin died in March 1953, and apparently fearing that the Soviet ruler's demise might encourage rivals within the Albanian party's ranks, neither Hoxha nor Shehu risked traveling to Moscow to attend his funeral.
Hoxha and Shehu apparently decided in May or June 1960 that Albania was assured of Chinese support, and they openly sided with the People's Republic of China when sharp polemics erupted between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union.
Ramiz Alia, at the time a candidate-member of the Politburo and Hoxha's adviser on ideological questions, played a prominent role in the rhetoric. Hoxha and Shehu continued their harangue against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at the APL's Fourth Party Congress in February 1961.
During the congress, the Albanian government announced the broad outlines of the country's Third Five-Year Plan from 1961 to 65, which allocated 54% of all investment to industry, thereby rejecting Khrushchev's wish to make Albania primarily an agricultural producer.
The elections of March 1991 kept the former Communists in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a coalition cabinet that included non-Communists. In 1967, the authorities conducted a violent campaign to extinguish religious practice in Albania, claiming that religion had divided the Albanian nation and kept it mired in backwardness.
Large-scale purges of officials occurred during the 1970s. During the period of socialist construction of Albania, the country saw rapid economic growth.
During the period of 1960 to 1970, the average annual rate of increase of Albania's national income was 29 percent higher than the world average and 56 percent higher than the European average.
Moscow responded by canceling aid programs and lines of credit for Albania, but the Chinese again came to the rescue. The Albanian-Chinese relations had stagnated by 1970, and when the Asian giant began to reemerge from isolation in the early 1970s, Mao Zedong and the other communist Chinese leaders reassessed their commitment to tiny Albania, starting the Sino-Albanian split.
Albania's leaders abhorred the People's Republic of China's contacts with the United States in the early 1970s, and its press and radio ignored President Richard Nixon's trip to Beijing in 1972. == Third Republic == As Hoxha's health declined, the first secretary of the People's Socialist Republic began planning for an orderly succession.
Albania opened trade negotiations with France, Italy, and the recently independent Asian and African states, and in 1971 it normalized relations with Yugoslavia and Greece.
Albania's leaders abhorred the People's Republic of China's contacts with the United States in the early 1970s, and its press and radio ignored President Richard Nixon's trip to Beijing in 1972. == Third Republic == As Hoxha's health declined, the first secretary of the People's Socialist Republic began planning for an orderly succession.
A strong political alliance with China followed, leading to several billion dollars in aid, which was curtailed after 1974, causing the Sino-Albanian split.
In 1976, the People's Parliament adopted its second communist Constitution of the post-war era.
China cut off aid in 1978 when Albania attacked its policies after the death of Chinese leader Mao Zedong.
Hoxha's political heir Ramiz Alia oversaw the disintegration of the "Hoxhaist" state during the wider collapse of the Eastern Bloc in the later 1980s. The communist regime collapsed in 1990, and the former communist Party of Labour of Albania was routed in elections in March 1992, amid economic collapse and social unrest.
The constitution's preamble also boasted that the foundations of religious belief in Albania had been abolished. In 1980, Hoxha turned to Ramiz Alia to succeed him as Albania's communist patriarch, overlooking his long-standing comrade-in-arms, Mehmet Shehu.
In November 1982, Hoxha announced that Shehu had been a foreign spy working simultaneously for the United States, British, Soviet, and Yugoslav intelligence agencies in planning the assassination of Hoxha himself.
Hoxha went into semi-retirement in early 1983, and Alia assumed responsibility for Albania's administration.
After the collapse of the Axis powers, Albania became a communist state, the Socialist People's Republic of Albania, which for most of its duration was dominated by Enver Hoxha (died 1985).
Also during this period, because of the monopolised socialist economy, Albania was the only country in the world that imposed no imposts or taxes on its people whatsoever. Enver Hoxha, who ruled Albania for four decades, died on 11 April 1985.
Hoxha's political heir Ramiz Alia oversaw the disintegration of the "Hoxhaist" state during the wider collapse of the Eastern Bloc in the later 1980s. The communist regime collapsed in 1990, and the former communist Party of Labour of Albania was routed in elections in March 1992, amid economic collapse and social unrest.
The unstable economic situation led to an Albanian diaspora, mostly to Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Germany and North America during the 1990s.
Soon after Hoxha's death, voices for change emerged in the Albanian society and the government began to seek closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions. Eventually the new regime of Ramiz Alia introduced some liberalisation, and granting the freedom to travel abroad in 1990.
He would be the first and only Albanian to hold the title of president until 1991. == Kingdom of Albania == In 1928, Zogu I secured the Parliament's consent to its own dissolution.
The elections of March 1991 kept the former Communists in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a coalition cabinet that included non-Communists. In 1967, the authorities conducted a violent campaign to extinguish religious practice in Albania, claiming that religion had divided the Albanian nation and kept it mired in backwardness.
In due course, he became a dominant figure in the Albanian media, and his slogans appeared painted in crimson letters on signboards across the country. == Fourth Republic == === Transition === In 1991, Ramiz Alia became the first President of Albania.
The Socialist Party led by Ramiz Alia won the 1991 elections.
Pursuant to a 29 April 1991 interim basic law, Albanians ratified a constitution on 28 November 1998, establishing a democratic system of government based upon the rule of law and guaranteeing the protection of fundamental human rights. Furthermore, the Communists retained support and governmental control in the first round of elections under the interim law, but fell two months later during a general strike.
Hoxha's political heir Ramiz Alia oversaw the disintegration of the "Hoxhaist" state during the wider collapse of the Eastern Bloc in the later 1980s. The communist regime collapsed in 1990, and the former communist Party of Labour of Albania was routed in elections in March 1992, amid economic collapse and social unrest.
On 22 March 1992, the Communists were trumped by the Democratic Party after winning the 1992 parliamentary elections.
In 1995, Albania became the 35th member of the Council of Europe and requested membership in North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1995. 2003 U.S.
Anarchy in the late 1996s to early 1997s, as a result of the collapse of these pyramid schemes, alarmed the world and prompted international mediation.
Collier, L.P, 1996. Elsie, Robert.
The crisis peaked in the Albanian Turmoil of 1997.
Anarchy in the late 1996s to early 1997s, as a result of the collapse of these pyramid schemes, alarmed the world and prompted international mediation.
In the early spring 1997, Italy led a multinational military and humanitarian intervention (Operation Alba), authorized by the United Nations Security Council, to help stabilize the country.
The government of Berisha collapsed in 1997 in the wake of the additional collapse of pyramid schemes and widespread corruption, which caused anarchy and rebellion throughout the country, backed up by former communists and Sigurimi former members.
Few months later, after the 1997 parliamentary elections the Democratic Party was defeated by the Socialist Party, winning just 25 seats out of a total of 156.
Pursuant to a 29 April 1991 interim basic law, Albanians ratified a constitution on 28 November 1998, establishing a democratic system of government based upon the rule of law and guaranteeing the protection of fundamental human rights. Furthermore, the Communists retained support and governmental control in the first round of elections under the interim law, but fell two months later during a general strike.
Including to that, the leader of the Socialists Fatos Nano was elected as Prime Minister, a post which he held until October 1998, when he resigned as a result of the tense situation created in the country after the assassination of Azem Hajdari, a prominent leader of the Democratic Party.
The Parliament adopted the current Constitution on 29 November 1998.
Albania approved its constitution through a popular referendum which was held in November 1998, but which was boycotted by the opposition.
Tirana 1998. Krasniqi, Afrim.
Due to that, Pandeli Majko was then elected Prime Minister until November 1999, when he was replaced by Ilir Meta.
The general local elections of October 2000 marked the loss of control of the Democrats over the local governments and a victory for the Socialists. In 2001, Albania has made strides toward democratic reform and maintaining the rule of law, serious deficiencies in the electoral code remain to be addressed, as demonstrated in the elections.
The Albanian lek has strengthened from 143 lekë to the US dollar in 2000 to 92 lekë in 2007. === Present === On 23 June 2013, the eighth parliamentary elections took place, won by Edi Rama of the Socialist Party.
Spain, 2000. Rodgers, Mary M.
The general local elections of October 2000 marked the loss of control of the Democrats over the local governments and a victory for the Socialists. In 2001, Albania has made strides toward democratic reform and maintaining the rule of law, serious deficiencies in the electoral code remain to be addressed, as demonstrated in the elections.
International observers judged the elections to be acceptable, but the Union for Victory Coalition, the second-largest vote recipient, disputed the results and boycotted parliament until 31 January 2002.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
Tirana 2004. Krasniqi, Afrim.
In June 2005, the democratic coalition formed a government with the Sali Berisha.
His return to power in the elections of 3 July 2005 ended eight years of Socialist Party rule.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
After Alfred Moisiu, in 2006 Bamir Topi was elected President of Albania until 2010.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
Despite the political situation, the economy of Albania grew at an estimated 5% in 2007.
The Albanian lek has strengthened from 143 lekë to the US dollar in 2000 to 92 lekë in 2007. === Present === On 23 June 2013, the eighth parliamentary elections took place, won by Edi Rama of the Socialist Party.
At the 2008 Bucharest summit, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) invited Albania to join the alliance.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
An amelioration of the economic and political conditions in the early years of the 21st century enabled Albania to become a full member of NATO in 2009.
After Alfred Moisiu, in 2006 Bamir Topi was elected President of Albania until 2010.
Political Parties in Albania 1920–2006 Tirana 2006. Antonello Biagini, Storia dell'Albania contemporanea, Bompiani, 2005 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (). Patrice Najbor, La dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002. Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Insitituti Historisë, Boetimet Toena, Tirana, 2011 () Sontag, Raymond James/ The political history of Albania (1921) online Stavrianos, L.S.
The Albanian lek has strengthened from 143 lekë to the US dollar in 2000 to 92 lekë in 2007. === Present === On 23 June 2013, the eighth parliamentary elections took place, won by Edi Rama of the Socialist Party.
In April 2014 Albania became a full member of the NATO.
Albania applied to join the European Union, becoming an official candidate for accession to the European Union in June 2014. In 2017, the eighth parliamentary elections took place, simultaneously with the presidential elections.
Albania applied to join the European Union, becoming an official candidate for accession to the European Union in June 2014. In 2017, the eighth parliamentary elections took place, simultaneously with the presidential elections.
The presidential elections were held on 19, 20, 27 and 28 April 2017.
However, the result of the parliamentary elections held on 25 June 2017 was a victory for the Socialist Party led by Edi Rama, that received 48.33% of the votes of the elections, ahead of 5 other candidates.
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