In the 15th century, a tribe of Uzbeks, originally from the Golden horde, arrived in this region. ==Russian Empire: 1876–1917== In 1775, Atake Tynay Biy Uulu, one of the leaders of Sarybagysh tribe, established first diplomatic ties with the Russian Empire by sending his envoys to Catherine the Great in Saint Petersburg.
In 1876 it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution.
In the 15th century, a tribe of Uzbeks, originally from the Golden horde, arrived in this region. ==Russian Empire: 1876–1917== In 1775, Atake Tynay Biy Uulu, one of the leaders of Sarybagysh tribe, established first diplomatic ties with the Russian Empire by sending his envoys to Catherine the Great in Saint Petersburg.
In the early 19th century, the territory of Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the Khanate of Kokand, but the territory was occupied and formally annexed by the Russian Empire in 1876.
The ruthless suppression of the 1916 rebellion in Central Asia, triggered by the Russian imposition of the military draft on the Kyrgyz and other Central Asian peoples, caused many Kyrgyz to flee to China.
For Russian expansion into central Asia see Russian conquest of Turkestan. ==The Soviet Era: 1917–1991== Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1918, and in 1924, the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian SFSR.
For Russian expansion into central Asia see Russian conquest of Turkestan. ==The Soviet Era: 1917–1991== Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1918, and in 1924, the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian SFSR.
On December 5, 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan saw considerable cultural, educational, and social change.
Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite suppression of nationalist activity under Joseph Stalin, who controlled the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until 1953. Modern Kyrgyz religious affiliation is eclectically Muslim for a majority of the population.
For Russian expansion into central Asia see Russian conquest of Turkestan. ==The Soviet Era: 1917–1991== Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1918, and in 1924, the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian SFSR.
In 1924, an Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet was introduced, which was replaced by Latin script in 1928.
(The term Kara-Kyrgyz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kyrgyz.) In 1926, it became the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1924, an Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet was introduced, which was replaced by Latin script in 1928.
On December 5, 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan saw considerable cultural, educational, and social change.
In 1941 Cyrillic script was adopted.
Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite suppression of nationalist activity under Joseph Stalin, who controlled the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until 1953. Modern Kyrgyz religious affiliation is eclectically Muslim for a majority of the population.
It is unclear why these policies were created and it is only clear that these policies forced Russians of certain descent to populate the Republic. ===Towards independence: 1985-1991=== On 11 March 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev was chosen by the Politburo as the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
On 2 November 1985 Gorbachev replaced Turdakun Usubaliyev the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kirghizia, who had been in power for 24 years, with Absamat Masaliyev.
Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with an acute housing crisis were permitted to function. Gorbachev's policy of separating Party and State began to impact at the Soviet Republic level in early 1991 when each SSR held competitive elections to their respective legislative Supreme Soviets, shortly after the CPSU had given up its 'leading role'.
Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR.
Between January and April 1990 each of the Communist Party leaders of the five states of Soviet Central Asia assumed the position of Chairman of the Supreme Soviet in their respective SSRs, without any difficulty from the still weak opposition forces in the region. In Kirghizia the 1990 elections were held on 25 February, with a second round on 7 April.
Absamat Masaliyev the Communist leader was voted by the new Parliament as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Kirghizia on 10 April 1990. However events quickly began to slip from the Communists control.
On 1 May 1990 the opposition groups held their first big demonstration in Frunze in competition with the officially sanctioned May Day celebrations, and on 25–26 May 1990 the opposition groups formed the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement as a bloc of several anti-Communist political parties, movements and nongovernment organizations.
Then on 4 June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in an area of the Osh Oblast where Uzbeks form a majority of the population.
Order was not restored until August 1990. The Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement swiftly developed into a significant political force with growing support in parliament.
On 27 October 1990 in an upset victory, Askar Akayev, the president of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences and reformist Communist Party member, was elected to the newly created Presidency defeating Communist Party leader Absamat Masaliyev.
Kirghizia was the only one of the five states of Soviet Central Asia that voted their established Communist leadership out of power in 1990. On 15 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.
On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established. ==Early history== Stone implements found in the Tian Shan mountains indicate the presence of early humans in what is now Kyrgyzstan as many as 200,000 to 300,000 years ago.
Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with an acute housing crisis were permitted to function. Gorbachev's policy of separating Party and State began to impact at the Soviet Republic level in early 1991 when each SSR held competitive elections to their respective legislative Supreme Soviets, shortly after the CPSU had given up its 'leading role'.
In January 1991, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a government consisting mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians.
On 5 February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed to Bishkek. Despite these moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union In a referendum on the preservation of the USSR, in March 1991, 88.7% of the voters approved a proposal to remain part of the union as a "renewed federation." On August 19, 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan.
This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991, becoming the first of the five Republics of Soviet Central Asia to break away. ==Independence and the Akayev Presidency: 1991-2005== Kyrgyz was announced as the state language in September 1991.
In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected President of the new independent republic by direct ballot, receiving 95% of the votes cast.
He received 96.2% of the vote. A new constitution was passed by the parliament in May 1993 and the Republic of Kyrgyzstan was renamed the Kyrgyz Republic.
In January 1994, Akayev initiated a referendum asking for a renewed mandate to complete his term of office.
In 1994, however, the parliament failed to produce a quorum for its last scheduled session prior to the expiration of its term in February 1995.
In 1994, however, the parliament failed to produce a quorum for its last scheduled session prior to the expiration of its term in February 1995.
The new parliament convened its initial session in March 1995.
One of its first orders of business was the approval of the precise constitutional language on the role of the legislature. On December 24, 1995, President Akayev was reelected for another 5-year term with wide support (75% of vote) over two opposing candidates.
Three (out of six) candidates were de-registered shortly before the election. A February 1996 referendum—in violation of the constitution and the law on referendums—amended the constitution to give President Akayev more power.
The first written records of a civilization in the area occupied by Kyrgyzstan appear in Chinese chronicles beginning about 2000 BC. ==Origins of the Kyrgyz people== The Yenisei Kirghiz lived in the upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia.
The presidential election that followed later in 2000 also was marred by irregularities and was not declared free and fair by international observers.
Initially refusing to resign and denouncing the events as a coup, he subsequently resigned his office on April 4. ==Bakiyev's Presidency: 2005-2010== Kurmanbek Bakiyev won the 10 July ballot for the Presidential election with 89% of the vote with a 53% turnout.
In 2006, Bakiyev faced a political crisis as thousands of people participated in a series of protests in Bishkek.
Bakiyev claimed that the opposition was plotting a coup against him. In April 2007, the opposition held protests demanding Bakiyev's resignation, with a large protest beginning on April 11 in Bishkek.
However, he lacked resources and Kyrgyz people were anxious about the risk of renewed power shortages and blackouts like in the winter 2008–2009. During the winter of 2010 Kyrgyzstan has suffered from rolling blackouts and cutoffs occurring regularly while energy prices have risen. ==Revolution 2010== The arrest of an opposition figure on 6 April 2010 in the town of Talas led opposition supporters to protest.
Clashes broke out between protesters and police on April 19, after which the protests ended. Bakiyev was re-elected in the 2009 presidential election.
After the re-election in 2009, some people in Kyrgyzstan said that he would now deal with political and economic reform.
However, he lacked resources and Kyrgyz people were anxious about the risk of renewed power shortages and blackouts like in the winter 2008–2009. During the winter of 2010 Kyrgyzstan has suffered from rolling blackouts and cutoffs occurring regularly while energy prices have risen. ==Revolution 2010== The arrest of an opposition figure on 6 April 2010 in the town of Talas led opposition supporters to protest.
A referendum was held on the resulting document on 27 June 2010, and was approved by over 90% of voters, with a turnout of 72%.
Elections were subsequently held on 10 October 2010.
These elections resulted in five parties reaching the 5% threshold necessary to enter parliament. == Atambayev Presidency: 2011-to 2017== Almazbek Atambayev ran in 2011 to succeed Roza Otunbayeva as President of Kyrgyzstan.
He positively supports Kyrgyzstan’s Membership of the Russian led Eurasian Customs Union and secured the withdrawal of the American military base from the country in 2014.
These elections resulted in five parties reaching the 5% threshold necessary to enter parliament. == Atambayev Presidency: 2011-to 2017== Almazbek Atambayev ran in 2011 to succeed Roza Otunbayeva as President of Kyrgyzstan.
He has spoken of the need for closer economic relations with Russia, which temporarily employs about 500,000 citizens of Kyrgyzstan; however, he also expressed his wish to achieve greater economic and energy independence from it. == Jeenbekov Presidency: 2017-2020== Sooronbay Jeenbekov was sworn in as president on 24 November 2017 at the Ala Archa State Residence.
The draft of a new co-operation agreement with the United States is currently being reconciled. Since Jeenbekov took power, he has had a somewhat adversarial relationship with former President Atambayev, who strongly backed Jeenbekov against his opponent Ömürbek Babanov during the 2017 election, even referring to comparing himself as an “older brother” to Jeenbekov when referring to their relationship.
In April 2018, Jeenbekov fired Prime Minister Sapar Isakov and his entire government following a vote of no confidence from Supreme Council. In his first year, Jeenbekov participated in 30 international meetings, where he signed a total of 77 bilateral agreements and 414 multilateral documents.
In early April 2018, Jeenbekov dismissed two high ranking officials in the State Committee for National Security (GKNB) who are considered to be close to Atambayev, which was seen as an apparent jab at Atambayev and his former government.
In the early morning of 6 October 2020, the protesters reclaimed control of the Ala-Too Square in central Bishkek.
Japarov claimed that he was already the "legitimate prime minister" and that he was appointed by "the parliament's majority." President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned on 15 October 2020, leading Japarov to declare himself as acting president.
Despite the Kyrgyzstan Constitution stating that the speaker of the Supreme Council should succeed the role, Kanatbek Isaev refused to assume office, resulting in Japarov becoming the acting president. == Japarov Presidency: 2021-present == Sadyr Japarov resigned to run for the presidency in January 2021.
He successfully defeating Adakhan Madumarov in a landslide win and assumed office on 28 January 2021. A constitutional referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan on 11 April 2021.
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