This bridge would last for 600 years, and remained the only bridge across the River Thames until 1739. Violence against Jews took place in 1190, after it was rumoured that the new King had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation. In 1216, during the First Barons' War London was occupied by Prince Louis of France, who had been called in by the baronial rebels against King John and was acclaimed as King of England in St Paul's Cathedral.
This is shown in a series of detailed maps, particularly John Rocque's 1741–45 map (see below) and his 1746 Map of London.
This is shown in a series of detailed maps, particularly John Rocque's 1741–45 map (see below) and his 1746 Map of London.
Dendrology dated the timbers to between 1750 BCE and 1285 BCE.
The Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.
Severe damage was caused to Catholic churches and homes, and 285 rioters were killed. Up until 1750, London Bridge was the only crossing over the Thames, but in that year Westminster Bridge was opened and, for the first time in history, London Bridge, in a sense, had a rival.
"Transforming Metropolitan London, 1750–1960".
He was released from the Tower on 21 December 1781 in exchange for General Lord Cornwallis. In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham Palace (then called Buckingham House) from the Duke of Buckingham.
In 1779, he was the Congress's representative of Holland, and got the country's support for the Revolution.
In 1780, the Tower of London held its only American prisoner, former President of the Continental Congress, Henry Laurens.
Public hangings were common in London, and were popular public events. In 1780, London was rocked by the Gordon Riots, an uprising by Protestants against Roman Catholic emancipation led by Lord George Gordon.
He was released from the Tower on 21 December 1781 in exchange for General Lord Cornwallis. In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham Palace (then called Buckingham House) from the Duke of Buckingham.
In 1798, Frankfurt banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild arrived in London and set up a banking house in the city, with a large sum of money given to him by his father, Amschel Mayer Rothschild.
Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later.
Economic history of London, 1800–1914 (Routledge, 2002) Billings, Malcolm (1994), London: A Companion to Its History and Archaeology, Bucholz, Robert O., and Joseph P.
Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800 (2009) ===Historiography=== Feldman, David, and Gareth Stedman Jones, eds.
Metropolis, London: Histories and Representations since 1800 (Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1989) ===Older histories=== George Walter Thornbury.
Life for the poor was immortalised by Charles Dickens in such novels as Oliver Twist In 1810, after the death of Sir Francis Baring and Abraham Goldsmid, Rothschild emerges as the major banker in London. In 1829, the then Home Secretary (and future prime minister) Robert Peel established the Metropolitan Police as a police force covering the entire urban area.
Life for the poor was immortalised by Charles Dickens in such novels as Oliver Twist In 1810, after the death of Sir Francis Baring and Abraham Goldsmid, Rothschild emerges as the major banker in London. In 1829, the then Home Secretary (and future prime minister) Robert Peel established the Metropolitan Police as a police force covering the entire urban area.
While this spurred the massive outward growth of the city, the growth of greater London also exacerbated the class divide, as the wealthier classes emigrated to the suburbs, leaving the poor to inhabit the inner city areas. The first railway to be built in London was a line from London Bridge to Greenwich, which opened in 1836.
Bazalgette's system is still in use today. One of the most famous events of 19th-century London was the Great Exhibition of 1851.
It existed until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to South Eastern Railway.
In 1855, the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was created to provide London with adequate infrastructure to cope with its growth.
This culminated in The Great Stink of 1858.
From 1863, the first lines of the London Underground were constructed. The urbanised area continued to grow rapidly, spreading into Islington, Paddington, Belgravia, Holborn, Finsbury, Shoreditch, Southwark and Lambeth.
Old and new London : a narrative of its history, its people, and its places (Cassell, Pelter, & Galpin, 1873) - Vol.
London also became home to a sizable Jewish community, which was notable for its entrepreneurship in the clothing trade and merchandising. In 1888, the new County of London was established, administered by the London County Council.
A large tram network was constructed by the London County Council, through the LCC Tramways; the first motorbus service began in the 1900s.
London Transport: A Hybrid in History 1905-48 (Emerald Group Publishing, 2019). Hanlon, W.
"'A Network of Trust': Measuring and Monitoring Air Pollution in British Cities, 1912–1960".
The Making of Modern London, 1914–1939 (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984) White, Jerry.
The population of London reached an all-time peak of 8.6 million in 1939. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from Nazi Germany settled in London during the 1930s, mostly in the East End. Labour Party politician Herbert Morrison was a dominant figure in local government in the 1920s and 1930s.
He became mayor of Hackney and a member of the London County Council in 1922, and for a while was Minister of Transport in Ramsay MacDonald's cabinet.
London's suburbs expanded outside the boundaries of the County of London, into the neighbouring counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. Like the rest of the country, London suffered severe unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
In the East End during the 1930s, politically extreme parties of both right and left flourished.
The population of London reached an all-time peak of 8.6 million in 1939. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from Nazi Germany settled in London during the 1930s, mostly in the East End. Labour Party politician Herbert Morrison was a dominant figure in local government in the 1920s and 1930s.
When Labour gained power in London in 1934, Morrison unified the bus, tram and trolleybus services with the Underground, by the creation of the London Passenger Transport Board (known as London Transport) in 1933., He led the effort to finance and build the new Waterloo Bridge.
When Labour gained power in London in 1934, Morrison unified the bus, tram and trolleybus services with the Underground, by the creation of the London Passenger Transport Board (known as London Transport) in 1933., He led the effort to finance and build the new Waterloo Bridge.
Clashes between right and left culminated in the Battle of Cable Street in 1936.
The population of London reached an all-time peak of 8.6 million in 1939. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from Nazi Germany settled in London during the 1930s, mostly in the East End. Labour Party politician Herbert Morrison was a dominant figure in local government in the 1920s and 1930s.
Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old County of London (which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the London County Council were abolished, and the much larger area of Greater London was established with a new Greater London Council (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new London boroughs. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.
Civilians took shelter from the air raids in underground stations. The heaviest bombing took place during The Blitz between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941.
One raid in December 1940, which became known as the Second Great Fire of London, saw a firestorm engulf much of the City of London and destroy many historic buildings.
Civilians took shelter from the air raids in underground stations. The heaviest bombing took place during The Blitz between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941.
They began again, but on a smaller scale with the "Little Blitz" in early 1944.
Towards the end of the war, during 1944/45 London again came under heavy attack by pilotless V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets, which were fired from Nazi occupied Europe.
By the war's end, just under 30,000 Londoners had been killed by the bombing, and over 50,000 seriously injured, tens of thousands of buildings were destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless. ====1945–2000==== Three years after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when the city had barely recovered from the war.
During the 1950s and 1960s the skyline of London altered dramatically as tower blocks were erected, although these later proved unpopular.
London's role as a trendsetter for youth fashion continued strongly in the 1980s during the new wave and punk eras and into the mid-1990s with the emergence of the Britpop era. From the 1950s onwards London became home to a large number of immigrants, largely from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, which dramatically changed the face of London, turning it into one of the most diverse cities in Europe.
However, in 1951 the Festival of Britain was held, which marked an increasing mood of optimism and forward looking. In the immediate postwar years housing was a major issue in London, due to the large amount of housing which had been destroyed in the war.
In 1952, this culminated in the disastrous Great Smog of 1952 which lasted for five days and killed over 4,000 people.
During the 1950s and 1960s the skyline of London altered dramatically as tower blocks were erected, although these later proved unpopular.
Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old County of London (which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the London County Council were abolished, and the much larger area of Greater London was established with a new Greater London Council (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new London boroughs. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.
Racial tensions emerged in events such as the Brixton Riots in the early 1980s. From the beginning of "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s until the mid-1990s, London was subjected to repeated terrorist attacks by the Provisional IRA. The outward expansion of London was slowed by the war, and the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt.
London's role as a trendsetter for youth fashion continued strongly in the 1980s during the new wave and punk eras and into the mid-1990s with the emergence of the Britpop era. From the 1950s onwards London became home to a large number of immigrants, largely from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, which dramatically changed the face of London, turning it into one of the most diverse cities in Europe.
Racial tensions emerged in events such as the Brixton Riots in the early 1980s. From the beginning of "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s until the mid-1990s, London was subjected to repeated terrorist attacks by the Provisional IRA. The outward expansion of London was slowed by the war, and the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt.
Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old County of London (which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the London County Council were abolished, and the much larger area of Greater London was established with a new Greater London Council (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new London boroughs. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.
However, it then began to increase again in the late 1980s, encouraged by strong economic performance and an increasingly positive image. London's traditional status as a major port declined dramatically in the post-war decades as the old Docklands could not accommodate large modern container ships.
The docklands area had become largely derelict by the 1980s, but was redeveloped into flats and offices from the mid-1980s onwards.
The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea. In the early 1980s political disputes between the GLC run by Ken Livingstone and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher led to the GLC's abolition in 1986, with most of its powers relegated to the London boroughs.
The Making of Modern London, 1914–1939 (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984) White, Jerry.
The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea. In the early 1980s political disputes between the GLC run by Ken Livingstone and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher led to the GLC's abolition in 1986, with most of its powers relegated to the London boroughs.
The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times (Methuen, 1987) Ciecieznski, N.
Metropolis, London: Histories and Representations since 1800 (Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1989) ===Older histories=== George Walter Thornbury.
The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021 (John Wiley & Sons, 2014) Emerson, Charles.
In 1993, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the Thames's south foreshore, upstream of Vauxhall Bridge.
The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years.
This left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority (GLA) by Tony Blair's government, covering the same area of Greater London.
In 2001, a further dig found that the timbers were driven vertically into the ground on the south bank of the Thames west of Vauxhall Bridge.
Economic history of London, 1800–1914 (Routledge, 2002) Billings, Malcolm (1994), London: A Companion to Its History and Archaeology, Bucholz, Robert O., and Joseph P.
The National Lottery also released a flood of funds for major enhancements to existing attractions, for example the roofing of the Great Court at the British Museum. The London Plan, published by the Mayor of London in 2004, estimated that the population would reach 8.1 million by 2016, and continue to rise thereafter.
However, funding for projects such as Crossrail remained a struggle. On 6 July 2005 London won the right to host the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics making it the first city to host the modern games three times.
However, the discovery in 2008 of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Covent Garden indicates that the incomers had begun to settle there at least as early as the 6th century and possibly in the 5th.
In 2010, the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to between 4800 BCE and 4500 BCE.
More than 50 were killed and 750 injured in three bombings on London Underground trains and a fourth on a double decker bus near King's Cross. London was the starting point for countrywide riots which occurred in August 2011, when thousands of people rioted in several city boroughs and in towns across England.
In 2011, the population grew over 8 million people for the first time in decades.
However, funding for projects such as Crossrail remained a struggle. On 6 July 2005 London won the right to host the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics making it the first city to host the modern games three times.
London: A Social and Cultural History, 1550–1750 (Cambridge University Press; 2012) 526 pages Clark, Greg.
The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021 (John Wiley & Sons, 2014) Emerson, Charles.
Pollution and Mortality in the 19th Century (UCLA and NBER, 2015) online Jackson, Lee.
The National Lottery also released a flood of funds for major enhancements to existing attractions, for example the roofing of the Great Court at the British Museum. The London Plan, published by the Mayor of London in 2004, estimated that the population would reach 8.1 million by 2016, and continue to rise thereafter.
Journal of British Studies (2004) 43#1 pp: 1–14. Naismith, Rory, Citadel of the Saxons: The Rise of Early London (I.B.Tauris; 2018), Porter, Roy.
The Flower of All Cities: The History of London from Earliest Times to the Great Fire (Amberley Publishing, 2019). Mort, Frank, and Miles Ogborn.
London Transport: A Hybrid in History 1905-48 (Emerald Group Publishing, 2019). Hanlon, W.
The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021 (John Wiley & Sons, 2014) Emerson, Charles.
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