British trading dominance in the 1790s was unsuccessfully challenged by a combined French and Spanish naval squadron at the Macau Incident of 27 January 1799. Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" (Portuguese State of India), but after this date, it, along with East Timor, was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.
British trading dominance in the 1790s was unsuccessfully challenged by a combined French and Spanish naval squadron at the Macau Incident of 27 January 1799. Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" (Portuguese State of India), but after this date, it, along with East Timor, was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.
Following the signing of the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain in 1842, and the signing of treaties between China and foreign powers during the 1860s, establishing the benefit of "the most favoured nation" for them, the Portuguese attempted to conclude a similar treaty in 1862, but the Chinese refused, owing to a misunderstanding over the sovereignty of Macau.
This marked the official beginning of Sino-US relations. ==1844–1848: The Hong Kong effect== After China ceded Hong Kong to the British in 1842, Macau's position as a major regional trading centre declined further still because larger ships were drawn to the deep water port of Victoria Harbour.
British trading dominance in the 1790s was unsuccessfully challenged by a combined French and Spanish naval squadron at the Macau Incident of 27 January 1799. Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" (Portuguese State of India), but after this date, it, along with East Timor, was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.
The Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between China and the United States was signed in a temple in Macau on 3 July 1844.
The Templo de Kun Iam was the site where, on 3 July 1844, the treaty of Wangxia (named after the village of Mong Ha where the temple was located) was signed by representatives of the United States and China.
In 1848, there was a revolt of the boatmen that was put down. Portugal continued to pay rent to China until 1849, when the Portuguese abolished the Chinese customs house and declared Macau's "independence", a year which also saw Chinese retaliation and finally the assassination of Gov.
In May, the Portuguese government twice denied that it would accept any such offer, and the matter was closed. ===1848–1870s: Slave trade=== From 1848 to about the early 1870s, Macau was the infamous transit port of a trade of coolies (or slave labourers) from southern China.
In 1848, there was a revolt of the boatmen that was put down. Portugal continued to pay rent to China until 1849, when the Portuguese abolished the Chinese customs house and declared Macau's "independence", a year which also saw Chinese retaliation and finally the assassination of Gov.
Portugal gained control of the island of Wanzai (Lapa by the Portuguese and now as Wanzaizhen), to the northwest of Macau and which now is under the jurisdiction of Zhuhai (Xiangzhou District), in 1849 but relinquished it in 1887.
Control over Taipa and Coloane, two islands south of Macau, was obtained between 1851 and 1864.
Following the signing of the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain in 1842, and the signing of treaties between China and foreign powers during the 1860s, establishing the benefit of "the most favoured nation" for them, the Portuguese attempted to conclude a similar treaty in 1862, but the Chinese refused, owing to a misunderstanding over the sovereignty of Macau.
Following the signing of the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain in 1842, and the signing of treaties between China and foreign powers during the 1860s, establishing the benefit of "the most favoured nation" for them, the Portuguese attempted to conclude a similar treaty in 1862, but the Chinese refused, owing to a misunderstanding over the sovereignty of Macau.
The Portuguese continued to pay an annual tribute up to 1863 in order to stay in Macau. The Portuguese often married Tanka women since Han Chinese women would not have relations with them.
Control over Taipa and Coloane, two islands south of Macau, was obtained between 1851 and 1864.
The Dea del Mar which had set sail to Callao from Macau in 1865 with 550 Chinese on board, arrived in Tahiti with only 162 of them still alive. == 1938–1949: World War II == Macau became a refugee centre during World War II, causing its population to climb from about 200,000 to about 700,000 people within a few years.
In May, the Portuguese government twice denied that it would accept any such offer, and the matter was closed. ===1848–1870s: Slave trade=== From 1848 to about the early 1870s, Macau was the infamous transit port of a trade of coolies (or slave labourers) from southern China.
Ilha Verde () was incorporated into Macau's territory in 1890, and, once a kilometre offshore, by 1923 it had been absorbed into peninsula Macau through land reclamation. In 1871, the Hospital Kiang Wu was founded as a traditional Chinese medical hospital.
Macau and East Timor were again combined as an overseas province of Portugal under control of Goa in 1883.
In 1557 it was leased to Portugal as a trading post in exchange for an annual rent of 500 tael in order to stay in Macau, it remained under Chinese sovereignty and authority until 1887, the Portuguese came to consider and administer it as a de facto colony.
In 1887 the Portuguese finally managed to secure an agreement from China that Macao was Portuguese territory.
Portugal gained control of the island of Wanzai (Lapa by the Portuguese and now as Wanzaizhen), to the northwest of Macau and which now is under the jurisdiction of Zhuhai (Xiangzhou District), in 1849 but relinquished it in 1887.
The Protocol Respecting the Relations Between the Two Countries (signed in Lisbon 26 March 1887) and the Beijing Treaty (signed in Beijing on 1 December 1887) confirmed "perpetual occupation and government" of Macau by Portugal (with Portugal's promise "never to alienate Macau and dependencies without agreement with China" in the treaty).
Ilha Verde () was incorporated into Macau's territory in 1890, and, once a kilometre offshore, by 1923 it had been absorbed into peninsula Macau through land reclamation. In 1871, the Hospital Kiang Wu was founded as a traditional Chinese medical hospital.
It was in 1892 that doctor Sun Yat-sen brought Western medicine services to the hospital. In the 1930s, Macau's traditional income streams related to illegal opium sales dried up, as the Royal Navy's Eastern Fleet suppressed piracy and smuggling in support of Hong Kong's growing commercial status.
Ilha Verde () was incorporated into Macau's territory in 1890, and, once a kilometre offshore, by 1923 it had been absorbed into peninsula Macau through land reclamation. In 1871, the Hospital Kiang Wu was founded as a traditional Chinese medical hospital.
It was in 1892 that doctor Sun Yat-sen brought Western medicine services to the hospital. In the 1930s, Macau's traditional income streams related to illegal opium sales dried up, as the Royal Navy's Eastern Fleet suppressed piracy and smuggling in support of Hong Kong's growing commercial status.
In 1935, Pan-Am secured sea-landing rights in Macau and immediately set about building related communications infrastructure in the enclave, allowing a service from San Francisco to begin in November that year. Intertwined with this economic progress was an alleged and much discussed offer (never officially confirmed) in 1935 by Japan to buy Macau from Portugal, for US$100 million.
The Dea del Mar which had set sail to Callao from Macau in 1865 with 550 Chinese on board, arrived in Tahiti with only 162 of them still alive. == 1938–1949: World War II == Macau became a refugee centre during World War II, causing its population to climb from about 200,000 to about 700,000 people within a few years.
Refugee operations were organized through the Santa Casa da Misericordia. Unlike in the case of Portuguese Timor, which was occupied by the Japanese in 1942 along with Dutch Timor, the Japanese respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau, but only up to a point.
In August 1943, Japanese troops seized the British steamer Sian in Macau and killed about 20 guards.
The result was that a virtual Japanese protectorate was created over Macau. When it was discovered that neutral Macau was planning to sell aviation fuel to Japan, aircraft from the USS Enterprise bombed and strafed the hangar of the Naval Aviation Centre on 16 January 1945 to destroy the fuel.
American air raids on targets in Macau were also made on 25 February and 11 June 1945.
Japanese domination ended in August 1945. == 1949–1999: Macau and communist China == When the Chinese communists came to power in 1949, they declared the Protocol of Lisbon to be invalid as an "unequal treaty" imposed by foreigners on China.
Japanese domination ended in August 1945. == 1949–1999: Macau and communist China == When the Chinese communists came to power in 1949, they declared the Protocol of Lisbon to be invalid as an "unequal treaty" imposed by foreigners on China.
Following Portuguese government protest in 1950, the United States paid US$20,255,952 compensation to the government of Portugal.
Beijing took a similar position on treaties relating to the Hong Kong territories of the United Kingdom. In 1951, the Salazar regime declared Macau, as well as other Portuguese colonies, an "Overseas Province" of Portugal. During the 1950s and 1960s Macau's border crossing to China Portas do Cerco was also referred to as Far Eastern Checkpoint Charlie with a major border incident happening in 1952 with Portuguese African Troops exchanging fire with Chinese Communist border guards.
Beijing took a similar position on treaties relating to the Hong Kong territories of the United Kingdom. In 1951, the Salazar regime declared Macau, as well as other Portuguese colonies, an "Overseas Province" of Portugal. During the 1950s and 1960s Macau's border crossing to China Portas do Cerco was also referred to as Far Eastern Checkpoint Charlie with a major border incident happening in 1952 with Portuguese African Troops exchanging fire with Chinese Communist border guards.
"Macao: The City of the Name of God." History Today (Apr 1951) 1#4 pp 42–49 online. Gunn, Geoffrey C.
Beijing took a similar position on treaties relating to the Hong Kong territories of the United Kingdom. In 1951, the Salazar regime declared Macau, as well as other Portuguese colonies, an "Overseas Province" of Portugal. During the 1950s and 1960s Macau's border crossing to China Portas do Cerco was also referred to as Far Eastern Checkpoint Charlie with a major border incident happening in 1952 with Portuguese African Troops exchanging fire with Chinese Communist border guards.
Beijing took a similar position on treaties relating to the Hong Kong territories of the United Kingdom. In 1951, the Salazar regime declared Macau, as well as other Portuguese colonies, an "Overseas Province" of Portugal. During the 1950s and 1960s Macau's border crossing to China Portas do Cerco was also referred to as Far Eastern Checkpoint Charlie with a major border incident happening in 1952 with Portuguese African Troops exchanging fire with Chinese Communist border guards.
The STDM introduced western-style games and modernised the marine transport between Macau and Hong Kong, bringing millions of gamblers from Hong Kong every year. Riots broke out in 1966 during the communist Cultural Revolution, when local Chinese and the Macau authority clashed, the most serious one being the so-called 12-3 incident.
The riots caused 8 deaths and the end was a total climbdown by the Portuguese Government. On 29 January 1967, the Portuguese Governor, José Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre de Carvalho, with the endorsement of Portuguese Prime Minister Salazar, signed a statement of apology at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a portrait of Mao Zedong, with Ho Yin, the Chamber's president, presiding. Two agreements were signed, one with Macau's Chinese community, and the other with mainland China.
Before then the territory only had 2 temporary airports for small aeroplanes, in addition to several permanent heliports. In 1997, the Macau Stadium was completed in Taipa. ==1999: Handover to the People's Republic of China== Portugal and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1979, and Beijing acknowledged Macau as "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration." A year later, Gen.
A joint communique signed 20 May 1986 called for negotiations on the Macau question, and four rounds of talks followed between 30 June 1986 and 26 March 1987.
The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea, 1630–1754 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) Coates, Austin: A Macao Narrative Shipp, Steve: Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule ==External links== Macau handover: Asia's last colony http://multimedia.scmp.com/macau/ How Did Portugal Get Macau? European colonisation in Asia
A joint communique signed 20 May 1986 called for negotiations on the Macau question, and four rounds of talks followed between 30 June 1986 and 26 March 1987.
The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau was signed in Beijing on 13 April 1987, setting the stage for the return of Macau to full Chinese sovereignty as a Special Administrative Region on 20 December 1999. After four rounds of talks, "the Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on the Question of Macau" was officially signed in April 1987.
The two sides exchanged instruments of ratification on 15 January 1988 and the Joint Declaration entered into force.
Encountering Macau, A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557–1999 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996) In Portuguese (1998) Ao Encontro de Macau: Uma cidade-estado portuguesa a periferia da China, 1557-1999 (Macau: Fundação Macau].
Macau: The Imaginary City, Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996) Souza, George Bryan.
Before then the territory only had 2 temporary airports for small aeroplanes, in addition to several permanent heliports. In 1997, the Macau Stadium was completed in Taipa. ==1999: Handover to the People's Republic of China== Portugal and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1979, and Beijing acknowledged Macau as "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration." A year later, Gen.
In 1999 it was handed over to China.
The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau was signed in Beijing on 13 April 1987, setting the stage for the return of Macau to full Chinese sovereignty as a Special Administrative Region on 20 December 1999. After four rounds of talks, "the Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on the Question of Macau" was officially signed in April 1987.
In 2007, the first of many resorts opened, The Venetian Macao.
"'The Past Is Present': The Construction of Macau's Historical Legacy," History and Memory Volume 21, Number 1, Spring/Summer 2009 pp. 63–100 Porter, Jonathan.
Along with this development, several other residential and business development projects on Hengqin are in the planning. In 2011 to 2013, further major construction on several planned mega-resorts on the Cotai Strip commenced. ===2014–present: Slowing down of the gambling industry and diversification of economy=== 2014 marked the first time that the gambling revenues in Macau declined on a year-to-year basis.
Along with this development, several other residential and business development projects on Hengqin are in the planning. In 2011 to 2013, further major construction on several planned mega-resorts on the Cotai Strip commenced. ===2014–present: Slowing down of the gambling industry and diversification of economy=== 2014 marked the first time that the gambling revenues in Macau declined on a year-to-year basis.
Starting in June 2014, gambling revenues declined for the second half of the year on a month-to-month basis (compared with 2013) causing the Macau Daily Times to announce that the "Decade of gambling expansion end[ed]".
Starting in June 2014, gambling revenues declined for the second half of the year on a month-to-month basis (compared with 2013) causing the Macau Daily Times to announce that the "Decade of gambling expansion end[ed]".
(ed.) Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016).
The changes increased the size of Macau's maritime territory by 85 square kilometers. Typhoon Hato hit Southern China in August 2017, causing widespread damage to Macau, never before experienced – major flooding and property damages, with citywide power and water outages lasting for at least 24 hours after the passage of the storm.
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