Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the empire. === Kingdom of Kaarta === A split in the Coulibaly dynasty in Ségou led to the establishment of a second Bambara state, the kingdom of Kaarta, in what is now western Mali, in 1753.
[21] The sites of the Dhar-Tichitt tradition in the Méma region, a former river delta west of today's inland delta, also known as the "dead delta", [22] belong to the period between 1800 and 800/400 BC.
It resisted the effort of Samori Ture, leader of Wassoulou Empire, in 1887, to conquer it, and was one of the last kingdoms in the area to fall to the French in 1898. === Maasina === An Islamic-inspired uprising in the largely Fula Inner Niger Delta region against rule by Ségou in 1818 led to the establishment of a separate state.
It was defeated in 1854 by Umar Tall, leader of Toucouleur Empire, before his war with Ségou. === Kenedougou Kingdom === The Senufo Kenedugu Kingdom originated in the 17th century in the area around what is now the border of Mali and Burkina Faso.
the most notable in what is now Mali were: === Bambara Empire or the Kingdom of Segou === The Bambara Empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to 1861, was based at Ségou and also Timbuktu (also seen as Segu), and ruled parts of central and southern Mali.
Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the empire. === Kingdom of Kaarta === A split in the Coulibaly dynasty in Ségou led to the establishment of a second Bambara state, the kingdom of Kaarta, in what is now western Mali, in 1753.
It later allied with Bambara Empire against Umar Tall's Toucouleur Empire and was also defeated by it in 1862. === Toucouleur Empire === This empire, founded by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur peoples, beginning in 1864, ruled eventually most of what is now Mali until the French conquest of the region in 1890.
It later allied with Bambara Empire against Umar Tall's Toucouleur Empire and was also defeated by it in 1862. === Toucouleur Empire === This empire, founded by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur peoples, beginning in 1864, ruled eventually most of what is now Mali until the French conquest of the region in 1890.
In 1876 the capital was moved to Sikasso.
It resisted the effort of Samori Ture, leader of Wassoulou Empire, in 1887, to conquer it, and was one of the last kingdoms in the area to fall to the French in 1898. === Maasina === An Islamic-inspired uprising in the largely Fula Inner Niger Delta region against rule by Ségou in 1818 led to the establishment of a separate state.
It later allied with Bambara Empire against Umar Tall's Toucouleur Empire and was also defeated by it in 1862. === Toucouleur Empire === This empire, founded by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur peoples, beginning in 1864, ruled eventually most of what is now Mali until the French conquest of the region in 1890.
Mali is located in Africa. The history of the territory of modern Mali may be divided into: Pre-Imperial Mali, before the 13th century The history of the eponymous Mali Empire and of the Songhai Empire during the 13th to 16th centuries The borders of Mali are those of French Sudan, drawn in 1891.
It later moved to Ivory Coast before being conquered by the French.÷ == French Sudan (1892–1960) == Mali fell under French colonial rule in 1892.
In 1893, the French appointed a civilian governor of the territory they called Soudan Français (French Sudan), but active resistance to French rule continued.
It resisted the effort of Samori Ture, leader of Wassoulou Empire, in 1887, to conquer it, and was one of the last kingdoms in the area to fall to the French in 1898. === Maasina === An Islamic-inspired uprising in the largely Fula Inner Niger Delta region against rule by Ségou in 1818 led to the establishment of a separate state.
By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control. French Sudan was administered as part of the Federation of French West Africa and supplied labor to France's colonies on the coast of West Africa.
In 1958 the renamed Sudanese Republic obtained complete internal autonomy and joined the French Community.
In early 1959, the Sudanese Republic and Senegal formed the Federation of Mali.
On 31 March 1960 France agreed to the Federation of Mali becoming fully independent.
The National Committee for the Salvation of the People led by Colonel Assimi Goïta took power, meaning the fourth coup happened since independence from France in 1960.
A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses. In 1962-64 there was Tuareg insurgency in northern Mali. === One-party rule === On November 09, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt.
A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses. In 1962-64 there was Tuareg insurgency in northern Mali. === One-party rule === On November 09, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt.
A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses. In 1962-64 there was Tuareg insurgency in northern Mali. === One-party rule === On November 09, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt.
The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms, but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought. A new constitution, approved in 1974, created a one-party state and was designed to move Mali toward civilian rule.
In September 1976, a new political party was established, the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM), based on the concept of democratic centralism.
Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979, and Gen.
His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations that led to three coup attempts, which were brutally quashed. The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s.
His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations that led to three coup attempts, which were brutally quashed. The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s.
His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations that led to three coup attempts, which were brutally quashed. The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s.
In late December 1985, however, a border dispute between Mali and Burkina Faso over the mineral rich Agacher strip erupted into a brief war.
In National Assembly elections in June 1988, multiple UDPM candidates were permitted to contest each seat, and the regime organized nationwide conferences to consider how to implement democracy within the one-party framework.
Nevertheless, the regime refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system. However, by 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, including the National Democratic Initiative Committee and the Alliance for Democracy in Mali (Alliance pour la Démocratie au Mali, ADEMA).
Despite the signing of a peace accord in January 1991, unrest and periodic armed clashes continued. === Transition to multiparty democracy === As in other African countries, demands for multi-party democracy increased.
In early 1991, student-led anti-government rioting broke out again, but this time it was supported also by government workers and others.
On March 26, 1991, after 4 days of intense anti-government rioting, a group of 17 military officers, led by Amadou Toumani Touré, arrested President Traoré and suspended the constitution. Within days, these officers joined with the Coordinating Committee of Democratic Associations to form a predominantly civilian, 25-member ruling body, the Transitional Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP).
A national conference held in August 1991 produced a draft constitution (approved in a referendum January 12, 1992), a charter for political parties, and an electoral code.
Touré had retained great popularity because of his role in the transitional government in 1991–92.
A national conference held in August 1991 produced a draft constitution (approved in a referendum January 12, 1992), a charter for political parties, and an electoral code.
Between January and April 1992, a president, National Assembly, and municipal councils were elected.
On June 8, 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré, the candidate of ADEMA, was inaugurated as the president of Mali's Third Republic. In 1997, attempts to renew national institutions through democratic elections ran into administrative difficulties, resulting in a court-ordered annulment of the legislative elections held in April 1997.
Thereafter, where the said oldest ceramic remains were found in the course of a research program that has been running since 1997 in the two gorges, a hiatus between 7000 and 3500 BC occurred .
On June 8, 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré, the candidate of ADEMA, was inaugurated as the president of Mali's Third Republic. In 1997, attempts to renew national institutions through democratic elections ran into administrative difficulties, resulting in a court-ordered annulment of the legislative elections held in April 1997.
On the basis of ethno-archaeological studies of ceramics, three groups were found that lived around Méma, the Canal de Sonni Ali and Windé Koroji on the border with Mauritania in the period around 2000 BC.
In the two-round legislative elections conducted on July 21 and August 3, ADEMA secured over 80% of the National Assembly seats. === 2000s === Konaré stepped down after his constitutionally mandated limit of two terms and did not run in the 2002 elections.
In the two-round legislative elections conducted on July 21 and August 3, ADEMA secured over 80% of the National Assembly seats. === 2000s === Konaré stepped down after his constitutionally mandated limit of two terms and did not run in the 2002 elections.
The 2002 election was a milestone, marking Mali's first successful transition from one democratically elected president to another, despite the persistence of electoral irregularities and low voter turnout.
In the 2002 legislative elections, no party gained a majority; Touré then appointed a politically inclusive government and pledged to tackle Mali's pressing social and economic development problems. ===2010s=== In January 2012 an insurgency has begun, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA). On 22 March 2012, it was reported that rebel troops from the military appeared on state TV announcing they had seized control of the country.
In the 2002 legislative elections, no party gained a majority; Touré then appointed a politically inclusive government and pledged to tackle Mali's pressing social and economic development problems. ===2010s=== In January 2012 an insurgency has begun, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA). On 22 March 2012, it was reported that rebel troops from the military appeared on state TV announcing they had seized control of the country.
The former president was forced into hiding. However, due to the 2012 insurgency in northern Mali, the military government controls only the southern third of the country, leaving the north of the country (known as Azawad) to MNLA rebels.
Mali is dependent on fuel imports trucked overland from Senegal and Ivory Coast. As of July 17, 2012, the Tuareg rebels have since been pushed out by their allies, the Islamists, Ansar Dine, and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (A.Q.I.M.).
One refugee in the camp spoke of encountering Afghans, Pakistanis and Nigerians. Ramtane Lamamra, the African Union's peace and security commissioner, said the African Union has discussed sending a military force to reunify Mali and that negotiations with terrorists had been ruled out but negotiations with other armed factions is still open. On 10 December 2012 Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra was arrested by soldiers and taken to a military base in Kati.
Hours later, the Prime Minister announced his resignation and the resignation of his government on national television. On 10 January 2013, Islamist forces captured the strategic town of Konna, located 600 km from the capital, from the Malian army.
Tuareg separatists have continued to fight the Islamists as well, although the MNLA has also been accused of carrying out attacks against the Malian military. A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013. Presidential elections were held in Mali on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August.
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta defeated Soumaïla Cissé in the run-off to become the new President of Mali. The peace deal between the Tuareg rebels and Malian government was broken in late November 2013 because of clashes in the northern city of Kidal.
A new ceasefire was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels. ===2020s=== Since 5 June 2020 street protests calling for the resignation of President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta began in Bamako.
A new ceasefire was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels. ===2020s=== Since 5 June 2020 street protests calling for the resignation of President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta began in Bamako.
On 18 August 2020 mutinying soldiers arrested President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé.
On 12 September 2020, the National Committee for the Salvation of the People agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule.
Shortly after, Bah N'Daw was named interim president. On May 25, 2021, Colonel Assimi Goïta dismissed the transitional president Bah N'Daw and the transitional prime minister Moctar Ouane from their positions. == See also == Bamako history and timeline History of Africa History of West Africa List of heads of government of Mali List of heads of state of Mali Politics of Mali History of Timbuktu Mali National Archives == References == ==Further reading== Chafer, Tony.
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