This was what happened in 1942 with the Mozambique Company, which however continued to operate in the agricultural and commercial sectors as a corporation, and had already happened in 1929 with the termination of the Niassa Company's concession.
This was what happened in 1942 with the Mozambique Company, which however continued to operate in the agricultural and commercial sectors as a corporation, and had already happened in 1929 with the termination of the Niassa Company's concession.
In 1951, the Portuguese overseas colonies in Africa were rebranded as Overseas Provinces of Portugal. ==Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1974)== As communist and anti-colonial ideologies spread out across Africa, many clandestine political movements were established in support of Mozambican independence.
As part of their response to FRELIMO, the Portuguese government began to pay more attention to creating favourable conditions for social development and economic growth. == Independence (1975) == After 10 years of sporadic warfare and Portugal's return to democracy through a leftist military coup in Lisbon, which replaced Portugal's Estado Novo regime with a military junta (the Carnation Revolution of April 1974), FRELIMO took control of the territory.
Within a year, most of the 250,000 Portuguese in Mozambique had left—some expelled by the government of the nearly independent territory, some fleeing in fear—and Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975.
Unable to salvage any of their assets, most of them returned to Portugal penniless. ==Civil War (1977–1992)== Formed in 1975, Mozambican National Resistance, an anti-communist group sponsored by the Rhodesian Intelligence Service, and the apartheid government in South Africa, launched a series of attacks on transport routes, schools and health clinics, and the country descended into civil war.
In the United States, the CIA and conservatives lobbied for support to RENAMO, which was strongly resisted by the State Department, which would "not recognize or negotiate with RENAMO". In 1984, Mozambique negotiated the Nkomati Accord with P.
In 1986, Mozambican President Samora Machel died in an air crash in South African territory.
The war was marked by huge human rights violations by both RENAMO and FRELIMO. With support for RENAMO from South Africa drying up, in 1990 the first direct talks between the FRELIMO government and Renamo were held.
In November 1990 a new constitution was adopted.
On 4 October 1992, the Rome General Peace Accords, negotiated by the Community of Sant'Egidio with the support of the United Nations, were signed in Rome between President Chissano and RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama, which formally took effect on the October 15, 1992.
The last ONUMOZ contingents departed in early 1995. ==Democratic era (1994–)== Mozambique held elections in 1994, which were accepted by most parties as free and fair while still contested by many nationals and observers alike.
The last ONUMOZ contingents departed in early 1995. ==Democratic era (1994–)== Mozambique held elections in 1994, which were accepted by most parties as free and fair while still contested by many nationals and observers alike.
FRELIMO won, under Joaquim Chissano, while RENAMO, led by Afonso Dhlakama, ran as the official opposition. In 1995, Mozambique joined the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming, at the time, the only member nation that had never been part of the British Empire. By mid-1995, over 1.7 million refugees who had sought asylum in neighboring countries had returned to Mozambique, part of the largest repatriation witnessed in sub-Saharan Africa.
An additional four million internally displaced persons had returned to their homes. In December 1999, Mozambique held elections for a second time since the civil war, which were again won by FRELIMO.
RENAMO accused FRELIMO of fraud, and threatened to return to civil war, but backed down after taking the matter to the Supreme Court and losing. In early 2000 a cyclone caused widespread flooding in the country, killing hundreds and devastating the already precarious infrastructure.
Carlos Cardoso, a journalist investigating these allegations, was murdered but his death was not satisfactorily explained. Indicating in 2001 that he would not run for a third term, Chissano criticized leaders who stayed on longer than he had, which was generally seen as a reference to Zambian president Frederick Chiluba, who at the time was considering a third term, and Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe, then in his fourth term.
Presidential and National Assembly elections took place on December 1–2, 2004.
Armando Guebuza was inaugurated as the President of Mozambique on February 2, 2005. Much of the economic recovery which has followed the end of the Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) is being led by investors and tourists from neighbour South Africa and from East Asia.
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