In 2018, Kim Jong-un made a sudden peace overture towards South Korea and the United States. ==Before the division (1905 - 1945)== From 1910 to the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was under Japanese rule.
In the 1930s, Japan developed mines, hydro-electric dams, steel mills, and manufacturing plants in northern Korea and neighboring Manchuria.
They had fought the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1930s but had lived in the USSR and trained in the Red Army since 1941.
They had fought the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1930s but had lived in the USSR and trained in the Red Army since 1941.
One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders was the Communist Kim Il-sung. ==Division of Korea (1945 - 1950)== At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of victory in Europe.
The history of North Korea began at the end of World War II in 1945.
In 2018, Kim Jong-un made a sudden peace overture towards South Korea and the United States. ==Before the division (1905 - 1945)== From 1910 to the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was under Japanese rule.
One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders was the Communist Kim Il-sung. ==Division of Korea (1945 - 1950)== At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of victory in Europe.
On August 8, 1945, after three months to the day, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.
1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan.
On October 14, Soviet authorities introduced Kim to the North Korean public as a guerrilla hero. In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Soviet Union agreed to a US proposal for a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead-up to independence.
On December 18, 1945, local Communist Party committees were combined into the North Korean Communist Party.
Cho Man-sik opposed the proposal at a public meeting on January 4, 1946, and disappeared into house arrest.
On February 8, 1946, the People's Committees were reorganized as Interim People's Committees dominated by Communists.
In August 1946, this party merged with the New People's Party to form the Workers' Party of North Korea.
In 1949, the Workers' Party of North Korea merged with its southern counterpart to become the Workers' Party of Korea with Kim as party chairman. In 1946, a sweeping series of laws transformed North Korea on Soviet-style Communist lines.
Later, North Korean pilot candidates were sent to the Soviet Union and China to train in MiG-15 jet aircraft at secret bases. === Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea === As negotiations with the Soviet Union on the future of Korea failed to make progress, the US took the issue to the United Nations in September 1947.
The Soviet Union and the United States failed to agree on a way to unify the country, and in 1948 they established two separate governments – the Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Western-aligned Republic of Korea – each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea. In 1950 the Korean War broke out.
In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the North and the South met in Pyongyang, but the conference produced no results.
The elections were held in South Korea on May 10, 1948.
A new Supreme People's Assembly was elected in August 1948, and on September 3 a new constitution was promulgated.
On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea". By 1949, North Korea was a full-fledged Communist state.
In 1949, the Workers' Party of North Korea merged with its southern counterpart to become the Workers' Party of Korea with Kim as party chairman. In 1946, a sweeping series of laws transformed North Korea on Soviet-style Communist lines.
On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea". By 1949, North Korea was a full-fledged Communist state.
forces from South Korea in June 1949 left the southern government defended only by a weak and inexperienced South Korean army.
In 1949 and 1950 Kim traveled to Moscow with the South Korean Communist leader Pak Hon-yong to raise support for a war of reunification. Initially Joseph Stalin rejected Kim Il-sung's requests for permission to invade the South, but in late 1949 the Communist victory in China and the development of Soviet nuclear weapons made him re-consider Kim's proposal.
Economic output in 1953 had fallen by 75-90% compared with 1949. While the bombing continued, armistice negotiations, which had commenced in July 1951, wore on.
The Soviet Union and the United States failed to agree on a way to unify the country, and in 1948 they established two separate governments – the Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Western-aligned Republic of Korea – each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea. In 1950 the Korean War broke out.
One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders was the Communist Kim Il-sung. ==Division of Korea (1945 - 1950)== At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of victory in Europe.
In 1949 and 1950 Kim traveled to Moscow with the South Korean Communist leader Pak Hon-yong to raise support for a war of reunification. Initially Joseph Stalin rejected Kim Il-sung's requests for permission to invade the South, but in late 1949 the Communist victory in China and the development of Soviet nuclear weapons made him re-consider Kim's proposal.
In January 1950, after China's Mao Zedong indicated that the People's Republic of China would send troops and other support to Kim, Stalin approved an invasion.
On June 25, 1950, claiming to be responding to a South Korean assault on Ongjin, the Northern forces launched an amphibious offensive all along the parallel.
In late November, Chinese forces entered the war and pushed the UN forces back, retaking Pyongyang in December 1950 and Seoul in January 1951.
More than half the delegates had joined after 1950, most were under 40 years old, and most had limited formal education. In February 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made a sweeping denunciation of Stalin, which sent shock waves throughout the Communist world.
In late November, Chinese forces entered the war and pushed the UN forces back, retaking Pyongyang in December 1950 and Seoul in January 1951.
Economic output in 1953 had fallen by 75-90% compared with 1949. While the bombing continued, armistice negotiations, which had commenced in July 1951, wore on.
Economic output in 1953 had fallen by 75-90% compared with 1949. While the bombing continued, armistice negotiations, which had commenced in July 1951, wore on.
The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.
A major purge of the KWP followed, with members originating from South Korea being expelled. Pak Hon-yong, party vice chairman and Foreign Minister of the DPRK, was blamed for the failure of the southern population to support North Korea during the war, was dismissed from his positions in 1953, and was executed after a show trial in 1955. The Party Congress in 1956 indicated the transformation that the party had undergone.
After Stalin's death in 1953, however, Kim was described as the "Great Leader" or "Suryong".
Land was collectivized between 1953 and 1958.
Many landlords had been eliminated by the earlier reforms or during the war. Recovery from the war was slowed by a massive famine in 1954-55.
–– (2020) “Trouble Brewing: The North Korean Famine of 1954–1955 and Soviet Attitudes toward North Korea.” Journal of Cold War Studies 22:2 (Spring 2020) pp:3-25.
A major purge of the KWP followed, with members originating from South Korea being expelled. Pak Hon-yong, party vice chairman and Foreign Minister of the DPRK, was blamed for the failure of the southern population to support North Korea during the war, was dismissed from his positions in 1953, and was executed after a show trial in 1955. The Party Congress in 1956 indicated the transformation that the party had undergone.
By 1960, 70 per cent of the members of the 1956 Central Committee were no longer in politics. Kim Il-sung had initially been criticized by the Soviets during a previous 1955 visit to Moscow for practicing Stalinism and a cult of personality, which was already growing enormous.
A major purge of the KWP followed, with members originating from South Korea being expelled. Pak Hon-yong, party vice chairman and Foreign Minister of the DPRK, was blamed for the failure of the southern population to support North Korea during the war, was dismissed from his positions in 1953, and was executed after a show trial in 1955. The Party Congress in 1956 indicated the transformation that the party had undergone.
More than half the delegates had joined after 1950, most were under 40 years old, and most had limited formal education. In February 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made a sweeping denunciation of Stalin, which sent shock waves throughout the Communist world.
By 1960, 70 per cent of the members of the 1956 Central Committee were no longer in politics. Kim Il-sung had initially been criticized by the Soviets during a previous 1955 visit to Moscow for practicing Stalinism and a cult of personality, which was already growing enormous.
PLA commander Peng Dehuai was equally contemptuous of Kim's skills at waging war. By some analysis, Kim Il-sung remained in power partially because the Soviets turned their attention to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 that fall.
Land was collectivized between 1953 and 1958.
Industry was fully nationalized by 1959.
By 1960, 70 per cent of the members of the 1956 Central Committee were no longer in politics. Kim Il-sung had initially been criticized by the Soviets during a previous 1955 visit to Moscow for practicing Stalinism and a cult of personality, which was already growing enormous.
Che Guevara, then a Cuban government minister, visited North Korea in 1960, and proclaimed it a model for Cuba to follow.
North Korea's desire to lessen its dependence on aid from China and the Soviet Union prompted the expansion of its military power, which had begun in the second half of the 1960s.
This was expressed in the 1962 Party Plenum by the slogan, "Arms in one hand and a hammer and sickle in the other!" At a special party conference in 1966, members of the leadership who opposed the military build-up were removed. On the ruins left by the war, North Korea had built an industrialized command economy.
China's response to the USS Pueblo crisis is less clear. After Khrushchev was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev as Soviet Leader in 1964, and with the incentive of Soviet aid, North Korea strengthened its ties with the USSR.
Kim told Alexei Kosygin in 1965 that he was not anyone's puppet and "We...implement the purest Marxism and condemn as false both the Chinese admixtures and the errors of the CPSU". Relations with China had worsened during the war.
In 1965, the British economist Joan Robinson described North Korea's economic development as a "miracle".
In 1966, Kim declared "liberation of the south" to be a "national duty".
Taxation on agricultural income was abolished in 1966. North Korea was placed on a semi-war footing, with equal emphasis being given to the civilian and military economies.
This was expressed in the 1962 Party Plenum by the slogan, "Arms in one hand and a hammer and sickle in the other!" At a special party conference in 1966, members of the leadership who opposed the military build-up were removed. On the ruins left by the war, North Korea had built an industrialized command economy.
In 1968, North Korean commandos launched the Blue House Raid, an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate the South Korean President Park Chung-hee.
By 1968, all homes had electricity, though the supply was unreliable.
In April 1969 a North Korean fighter jet shot down an EC-121 aircraft, killing all 31 crewmen on board.
A ceasefire followed, but there was no peace treaty, and hostilities continued at a lower intensity. ==Post-war redevelopment (1953 - 1970s)== ===Internal politics=== Kim began gradually consolidating his power.
As late as the 1970s, its GDP per capita was estimated to be equivalent to South Korea's.
By the early 1980s, 60–70% of the population was urbanized. == Juche and self-reliance era (1970s - 1994) == === Developing the whole society on Kimilsungism === In the 1970s, expansion of North Korea's economy, with the accompanying rise in living standards, came to an end.
As a result, it was unable to pay for foreign technology. By the mid to late 1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.
At the same time the cult extended beyond Kim himself to include his family in a revolutionary blood line. In 1972, to celebrate Kim Il-sung's birthday, the Mansu Hill Grand Monument was unveiled, including a 22-meter bronze statue of him. ===International relations=== Like Mao in China, Kim Il-sung refused to accept Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin and continued to model his regime on Stalinist norms.
In turn, China's Red Guards labelled him a "fat revisionist". In 1972, the first formal summit meeting between Pyongyang and Seoul was held, but the cautious talks did not lead to a lasting change in the relationship. With the fall of South Vietnam to the North Vietnamese on April 30, 1975, Kim Il-sung felt that the US had shown its weakness and that reunification of Korea under his regime was possible.
By 1972, all children from age 5 to 16 were enrolled in school, and over 200 universities and specialized colleges had been established.
In 1972, Kim Jong-il had established himself as a leading theoretician with the publication of On the Juche Idea.
However, following the world 1973 oil crisis, international prices for many of North Korea's native minerals fell, leaving the country with large debts and an inability to pay them off and still provide a high level of social welfare to its people.
North Korea began to default in 1974 and halted almost all repayments in 1985.
and in 1974, he had been officially confirmed as his father's successor. In 1983 North Korea carried out the Rangoon bombing, a failed assassination attempt against South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan while he was visiting Burma.
In turn, China's Red Guards labelled him a "fat revisionist". In 1972, the first formal summit meeting between Pyongyang and Seoul was held, but the cautious talks did not lead to a lasting change in the relationship. With the fall of South Vietnam to the North Vietnamese on April 30, 1975, Kim Il-sung felt that the US had shown its weakness and that reunification of Korea under his regime was possible.
Kim visited Beijing in May 1975 in the hope of gaining political and military support for this plan to invade South Korea again, but Mao Zedong refused.
Despite public proclamations of support, Mao privately told Kim that China would be unable to assist North Korea because of the lingering after-effects of the Cultural Revolution throughout China, and because Mao had recently decided to restore diplomatic relations with the US. Meanwhile, North Korea emphasized its independent orientation by joining the Non-Aligned Movement in 1975.
In fact, the grandiosity associated with the regime and its personality cult, as expressed in monuments, museums, and events, has been identified as a factor in the economic decline. However, Gorbachev's reforms and diplomatic initiatives, the Chinese economic reforms starting in 1979, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc from 1989 to 1991 increased North Korea's isolation.
By the early 1980s, 60–70% of the population was urbanized. == Juche and self-reliance era (1970s - 1994) == === Developing the whole society on Kimilsungism === In the 1970s, expansion of North Korea's economy, with the accompanying rise in living standards, came to an end.
Migration to urban areas stalled. ==== Sixth Congress of the WPK and succession of Kim Jong-il ==== In October 1980, Kim Jong-il was introduced to the public at the Sixth Party Congress as the successor to Kim Il-sung.
In 2016, 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea was held in Pyongyang, the first party congress since 1980. ==== Seventh Congress of the WPK ==== In May 2016, North Korea held the Seventh Congress of the WPK, the first gathering of its kind in over 35 years. In 2017, North Korea tested the Hwasong-15, an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of striking anywhere in the United States of America.
and in 1974, he had been officially confirmed as his father's successor. In 1983 North Korea carried out the Rangoon bombing, a failed assassination attempt against South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan while he was visiting Burma.
This attack on neutral soil led many Third World countries to reconsider their diplomatic ties with North Korea. In 1984, Kim visited Moscow during a grand tour of the USSR where he met Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko.
North Korea began to default in 1974 and halted almost all repayments in 1985.
In 1986, Kim met the incoming Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow and received a pledge of support. The bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 in 1987, in the lead up to the Seoul Olympics, led to the US government placing North Korea on its list of terrorist countries. === The collapse of global communism === Despite the emerging economic problems, the regime invested heavily in prestigious projects, such as the Juche Tower, the Nampo Dam, and the Ryugyong Hotel.
In 1986, Kim met the incoming Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow and received a pledge of support. The bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 in 1987, in the lead up to the Seoul Olympics, led to the US government placing North Korea on its list of terrorist countries. === The collapse of global communism === Despite the emerging economic problems, the regime invested heavily in prestigious projects, such as the Juche Tower, the Nampo Dam, and the Ryugyong Hotel.
Soviet involvement in the North Korean economy increased, until 1988 when bilateral trade peaked at US$2.8 billion.
In 1989, as a response to the 1988 Seoul Olympics, it held the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in Pyongyang.
In 1989, as a response to the 1988 Seoul Olympics, it held the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in Pyongyang.
In fact, the grandiosity associated with the regime and its personality cult, as expressed in monuments, museums, and events, has been identified as a factor in the economic decline. However, Gorbachev's reforms and diplomatic initiatives, the Chinese economic reforms starting in 1979, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc from 1989 to 1991 increased North Korea's isolation.
By this time, in the early 1990s, Kim Jong-il was already conducting most of the day-to-day activities of running of the state, being appointed Supreme Commander of the Korean Peoples' Army in December 1991 and Chairman of the National Defence Commission in 1993.
Although the succession of Kim Jong-il coincided with much societal upheaval, and the succession is conventionally seen as a turning point of North Korean history, the change in leadership hardly had direct consequences. === Arduous March === Beginning as early as 1990, the economy began a steep decline.
From 1990–1995, foreign trade was cut in half, with the loss of subsidized Soviet oil being particularly keenly felt.
In addition to this, after the collapse of global Communism in the early 1990's and the economic crisis and mass famine that continued, North Korea found itself in a very precarious international position.
However, with natural disasters and the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1991, North Korea went into a severe economic crisis.
In fact, the grandiosity associated with the regime and its personality cult, as expressed in monuments, museums, and events, has been identified as a factor in the economic decline. However, Gorbachev's reforms and diplomatic initiatives, the Chinese economic reforms starting in 1979, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc from 1989 to 1991 increased North Korea's isolation.
The leadership in Pyongyang responded by proclaiming that the collapse of the Eastern Bloc communist governments demonstrated the correctness of the policy of Juche. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 deprived North Korea of its main source of economic aid, leaving China as the isolated regime's only major ally.
By this time, in the early 1990s, Kim Jong-il was already conducting most of the day-to-day activities of running of the state, being appointed Supreme Commander of the Korean Peoples' Army in December 1991 and Chairman of the National Defence Commission in 1993.
By this time, in the early 1990s, Kim Jong-il was already conducting most of the day-to-day activities of running of the state, being appointed Supreme Commander of the Korean Peoples' Army in December 1991 and Chairman of the National Defence Commission in 1993.
Out of the rubble North Korea built an industrialized command economy. Kim Il-sung led North Korea until his death in 1994.
By the early 1980s, 60–70% of the population was urbanized. == Juche and self-reliance era (1970s - 1994) == === Developing the whole society on Kimilsungism === In the 1970s, expansion of North Korea's economy, with the accompanying rise in living standards, came to an end.
Former US president Jimmy Carter made a visit to Pyongyang in June 1994 in which he met with Kim, and returned proclaiming that he had resolved the crisis. == Songun era under Kim Jong-il (1994 - 2011) == === Death of Kim Il-sung === Kim Il-sung died from a sudden heart attack on July 8, 1994.The politics in the last years of Kim Il-sung closely resemble those of the beginning of the Kim Jong-il era.
The crisis came to a head in 1995 with widespread flooding that destroyed crops and infrastructure, leading to a famine that lasted until 1998.
Many of these people reportedly returned to North Korea after earning sufficient money. Kim Jong-il succeeded as General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1997, where until then, North Korea had no leader of the party nor a president.
The crisis came to a head in 1995 with widespread flooding that destroyed crops and infrastructure, leading to a famine that lasted until 1998.
In 1998, the constitution was amended, making the National Defense Commission (NDC) the most important state organization After three years of consolidating his power, Kim Jong-il was re-elected Chairman of the NDC as the nation's "highest administrative authority", and thus North Korea's de facto head of state. === Songun politics === In September 1998, Kim Il-sung was proclaimed "eternal President of the Republic" with the office of the presidency being abolished.
In this sense, Songun is perceived as an aggressive, threatening move to increase the strength of the North Korean military at the expense of other parts of society. In 1998, the government announced a new policy called "Songun", or "Military First".
Bush as the President of the United States in 2000, North Korea faced renewed pressure over its nuclear program. On October 9, 2006, North Korea announced that it had successfully detonated a nuclear bomb underground.
==External links== Speak Out About Human Rights In North Korea (a commentary from Human Rights Watch, published in The Asian Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2004) On North Korea's streets, pink and tangerine buses, Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 2005 The North Korea International Documentation Project (Primary source documents concerning DPRK history) Time Line of North Korean History
==External links== Speak Out About Human Rights In North Korea (a commentary from Human Rights Watch, published in The Asian Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2004) On North Korea's streets, pink and tangerine buses, Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 2005 The North Korea International Documentation Project (Primary source documents concerning DPRK history) Time Line of North Korean History
Bush as the President of the United States in 2000, North Korea faced renewed pressure over its nuclear program. On October 9, 2006, North Korea announced that it had successfully detonated a nuclear bomb underground.
Additionally, North Korea was developing ICBMs. On February 13, 2007, North Korea signed into an agreement with South Korea, the United States, Russia, China, and Japan, which stipulated North Korea would shut down its Yongbyon nuclear reactor in exchange for economic and energy assistance.
Kim Jong-un was made a daejang, on 27 September 2010, a day ahead the conference.
On 28 September 2010, he was named vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and appointed to the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong-il. == Era of Kim Jong-un (2011 - present) == === Death of Kim Jong-il === Kim Jong-il died on December 17, 2011 and was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-un.
Former US president Jimmy Carter made a visit to Pyongyang in June 1994 in which he met with Kim, and returned proclaiming that he had resolved the crisis. == Songun era under Kim Jong-il (1994 - 2011) == === Death of Kim Il-sung === Kim Il-sung died from a sudden heart attack on July 8, 1994.The politics in the last years of Kim Il-sung closely resemble those of the beginning of the Kim Jong-il era.
On 28 September 2010, he was named vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and appointed to the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong-il. == Era of Kim Jong-un (2011 - present) == === Death of Kim Jong-il === Kim Jong-il died on December 17, 2011 and was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-un.
In 2014, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry accused the government of crimes against humanity. === Economic reforms and boom === After Kim Jong-un's confirmation of power in 2012, he implemented In 2015, North Korea adopted Pyongyang Standard Time (UTC+08.30), reversing the change to Japan Standard Time (UTC+9.00) which had been imposed by the Japanese Empire when it annexed Korea.
In late 2013, Kim Jong Un's uncle Jang Song-thaek was arrested and executed after a trial.
In 2014, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry accused the government of crimes against humanity. === Economic reforms and boom === After Kim Jong-un's confirmation of power in 2012, he implemented In 2015, North Korea adopted Pyongyang Standard Time (UTC+08.30), reversing the change to Japan Standard Time (UTC+9.00) which had been imposed by the Japanese Empire when it annexed Korea.
In 2014, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry accused the government of crimes against humanity. === Economic reforms and boom === After Kim Jong-un's confirmation of power in 2012, he implemented In 2015, North Korea adopted Pyongyang Standard Time (UTC+08.30), reversing the change to Japan Standard Time (UTC+9.00) which had been imposed by the Japanese Empire when it annexed Korea.
In 2016, 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea was held in Pyongyang, the first party congress since 1980. ==== Seventh Congress of the WPK ==== In May 2016, North Korea held the Seventh Congress of the WPK, the first gathering of its kind in over 35 years. In 2017, North Korea tested the Hwasong-15, an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of striking anywhere in the United States of America.
In 2016, 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea was held in Pyongyang, the first party congress since 1980. ==== Seventh Congress of the WPK ==== In May 2016, North Korea held the Seventh Congress of the WPK, the first gathering of its kind in over 35 years. In 2017, North Korea tested the Hwasong-15, an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of striking anywhere in the United States of America.
In 2018, Kim Jong-un made a sudden peace overture towards South Korea and the United States. ==Before the division (1905 - 1945)== From 1910 to the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was under Japanese rule.
Estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal at that time ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including [bombs]. === Improving international relations === In February 2018, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation to the Winter Olympics in South Korea, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and President Kim Yong-nam, which passed on an invitation to South Korean President Moon to visit the North.
North Korea announced it would change its time zone to realign with the South. On June 12, 2018, Kim met American President Donald Trump at a summit in Singapore and signed a declaration, again affirming a commitment to peace and denuclearization.
In February 2019 in Hanoi, a second summit between Kim and Trump broke down without an agreement.
On June 30, 2019, Trump, Moon, and Kim met at the DMZ.
Talks in Stockholm began in October between US and North Korean negotiating teams, but broke down after one day.Starting in January 2020, the North Korean government took extensive measures to block the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, including quarantines and travel restrictions.
–– (2020) “Trouble Brewing: The North Korean Famine of 1954–1955 and Soviet Attitudes toward North Korea.” Journal of Cold War Studies 22:2 (Spring 2020) pp:3-25.
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