Later radio history increasingly involves matters of broadcasting. == Summary == === Invention === The idea of wireless communication predates the discovery of "radio" with experiments in "wireless telegraphy" via inductive and capacitive induction and transmission through the ground, water, and even train tracks from the 1830s on.
James Clerk Maxwell showed in theoretical and mathematical form in 1864 that electromagnetic waves could propagate through free space.
LCCN gb 94011611 Geddes, Keith, "Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937".
He referred to this as etheric force in an announcement on November 28, 1875.
Development from a laboratory demonstration to a commercial entity spanned several decades and required the efforts of many practitioners. In 1878, David E.
It is likely that the first intentional transmission of a signal by means of electromagnetic waves was performed in an experiment by David Edward Hughes around 1880, although this was considered to be induction at the time.
He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880, but was told it was merely induction, and therefore abandoned further research.
In 1886–88 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz conducted a series of experiments that proved the existence of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves, using a frequency in what would later be called the radio spectrum.
Although this was not a radio system, Edison would sell his patent rights to his friend Guglielmo Marconi at the Marconi Company in 1903, rather than another interested party who might end up working against Marconi's interests. ====Hertzian waves==== Between 1886 and 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments wherein he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.
In 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was able to conclusively prove transmitted airborne electromagnetic waves in an experiment confirming Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. After the discovery of these "Hertzian waves" (it would take almost 20 years for the term "radio" to be universally adopted for this type of electromagnetic radiation) many scientists and inventors experimented with transmitting and detecting Hertzian waves.
Although this was not a radio system, Edison would sell his patent rights to his friend Guglielmo Marconi at the Marconi Company in 1903, rather than another interested party who might end up working against Marconi's interests. ====Hertzian waves==== Between 1886 and 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments wherein he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.
In 1892 the physicist William Crookes wrote on the possibilities of wireless telegraphy based on Hertzian waves.
The Serbian American engineer Nikola Tesla (who proposed a wireless power/communication earth conduction system similar to radio in 1893) considered Hertzian waves relatively useless for his system since "light" could not transmit further than line of sight.
Others, such as Sir Oliver Lodge, Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Alexander Popov were involved in the development of components and theory involved with the transmission and reception of airborne electromagnetic waves for their own theoretical work. Over several years starting in 1894 the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi built the first engineering complete, commercially successful wireless telegraphy system based on airborne Hertzian waves (radio transmission).
During the demonstration radio waves were sent from the neighboring Clarendon Laboratory building, and received by apparatus in the lecture theater. Building on the work of Lodge, the Bengali Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance, using millimeter-range-wavelength microwaves, in a November 1894 public demonstration at the Town Hall of Kolkata, India.
Popov's receiver was created on the improved basis of Lodge's receiver, and originally intended for reproduction of its experiments. ====Guglielmo Marconi==== In 1894, the young Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began working on the idea of building long distance wireless transmission systems based on the use of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of inquiry that he noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing.
By August 1895, Marconi was field testing his system but even with improvements he was only able to transmit signals up to one-half mile, a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves.
Therefore, messages can be transmitted by means of it without the mediation of wires." Bose's first scientific paper, "On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals" was communicated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in May 1895. Following that, Bose produced a series of articles in English, one after another.
His second paper was communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October 1895.
In December 1895, the London journal The Electrician (Vol.
The Electrician (December 1895) readily commented on Bose's coherer.
Popov further refined his invention as a lightning detector and presented to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7, 1895.
An earlier description of the device was given by Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov in July 1895 in the second edition of his course "Fundamentals of Meteorology and Climatology", which was the first such course in Russia.
By August 1895, Marconi was field testing his system but even with improvements he was only able to transmit signals up to one-half mile, a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves.
Held at the Engineering Society Building, New York City, Friday evening, May 18, 1917. Timeline of the First Thirty Years of Radio 1895 – 1925; An important chapter in the Death of Distance''.
Marconi's apparatus is also credited with saving the 700 people who survived the tragic Titanic disaster. In 1896, Marconi was awarded British patent 12039, Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for, the first patent ever issued for a Hertzian wave (radio wave) base wireless telegraphic system.
In 1897, he established a radio station on the Isle of Wight, England.
20084 (1899))." Cervera thus achieved some success in this field, but his radiotelegraphic activities ceased suddenly, the reasons for which are unclear to this day. ===British Marconi=== Using various patents, the British Marconi company was established in 1897 by Guglielmo Marconi and began communication between coast radio stations and ships at sea.
"Notes and comments; Telegraphy without wires", Journal of the Franklin Institute, December 1897, pages 463-464. Katz, Randy H., "Look Ma, No Wires": Marconi and the Invention of Radio".
Marconi opened his "wireless" factory in the former silk-works at Hall Street, Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing around 60 people.
This is after Marconi established the radiotelegraphic service between the Isle of Wight and Bournemouth in 1898.
A year after, in 1898, they successfully introduced their first radio station in Chelmsford.
In May–June 1899, Cervera had, with the blessing of the Spanish Army, visited Marconi's radiotelegraphic installations on the English Channel, and worked to develop his own system.
He began collaborating with Marconi on resolving the problem of a wireless communication system, obtaining some patents by the end of 1899.
Cervera, who had worked with Marconi and his assistant George Kemp in 1899, resolved the difficulties of wireless telegraph and obtained his first patents prior to the end of that year.
Shortly after the 1900s, Marconi held the patent rights for radio.
In the US some of his subsequent patented refinements (but not his original radio patent) would be overturned in a 1935 court case (upheld by the US Supreme Court in 1943). ===20th century=== In 1900, Brazilian priest Roberto Landell de Moura transmitted the human voice wirelessly.
According to the newspaper Jornal do Comercio (June 10, 1900), he conducted his first public experiment on June 3, 1900, in front of journalists and the General Consul of Great Britain, C.P.
In 1900, Reginald Fessenden made a weak transmission of voice over the airwaves.
The Continuous Wave: Technology and the American Radio, 1900-1932 (Princeton University Press, 1985). Anderson, Leland.
The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939 (University of Illinois Press, 1990). Seifer, Marc J., "The Secret History of Wireless".
In 1901, Marconi conducted the first successful transatlantic experimental radio communications.
He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta (across the Straits of Gibraltar) for three consecutive months, and between Javea (Cabo de la Nao) and Ibiza (Cabo Pelado).
In 1907, Marconi established the first commercial transatlantic radio communications service, between Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Newfoundland. ===Julio Cervera Baviera=== Julio Cervera Baviera developed radio in Spain around 1902.
On March 22, 1902, Cervera founded the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and brought to his corporation the patents he had obtained in Spain, Belgium, Germany and England.
He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta (across the Straits of Gibraltar) for three consecutive months, and between Javea (Cabo de la Nao) and Ibiza (Cabo Pelado).
However, Fessenden himself never mentioned that date: rather, he wrote of experiments with voice as early as 1902.
Although this was not a radio system, Edison would sell his patent rights to his friend Guglielmo Marconi at the Marconi Company in 1903, rather than another interested party who might end up working against Marconi's interests. ====Hertzian waves==== Between 1886 and 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments wherein he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.
Many inventions improved the quality of radio, and amateurs experimented with uses of radio, thus planting the first seeds of broadcasting. ===Telefunken=== The company Telefunken was founded on May 27, 1903, as "Telefunken society for wireless telefon" of Siemens & Halske (S & H) and the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (General Electricity Company) as joint undertakings for radio engineering in Berlin.
Despite great difficulty, three patents were awarded: "The Wave Transmitter" (October 11, 1904), which is the precursor of today's radio transceiver; "The Wireless Telephone" and the "Wireless Telegraph", both dated November 22, 1904. The next advancement was the vacuum tube detector, invented by Westinghouse engineers.
On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used a synchronous rotary-spark transmitter for the first radio program broadcast, from Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts.
In 1906, Domenico Mazzotto wrote: "In Spain the Minister of War has applied the system perfected by the commander of military engineering, Julio Cervera Baviera (English patent No.
According to some sources, notably Fessenden's wife Helen's biography, on Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts.
And some of his experiments with voice and music, which occurred in mid-to-late December 1906, were reported in the American Telephone Journal. == Later 20th-century developments == Following development of transistor technology, bipolar junction transistors led to the development of the transistor radio.
In 1907, Marconi established the first commercial transatlantic radio communications service, between Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Newfoundland. ===Julio Cervera Baviera=== Julio Cervera Baviera developed radio in Spain around 1902.
New York, Van Nostrand, 1908. McChesney, Robert W.
Marconi would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 and be more successful than any other inventor in his ability to commercialize radio and its associated equipment into a global business.
Nova Scotia, Canada, March 14, 2006. Cybertelecom :: Radio History (legal and regulatory) Western Historic Radio Museum: Radio Communication Equipment from 1909 to 1959. Guglielmo Marconi Radio
The bill did not pass. == Regulations of radio stations in the U.S == === Wireless Ship Act of 1910 === Radio technology was first used for ships to communicate at sea.
To ensure safety, the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 marks the first time the U.S.
Popov Central Museum of Communications Birth of public radio broadcasting Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) Digital Radio Mondiale Internet radio List of old-time radio people Personal area networks Radio Act of 1912 Radio Act of 1927 Sirius Satellite Radio Spark-gap transmitter Timeline of radio Timeline of the introduction of radio in countries Wireless Wireless LANs Wireless Ship Act of 1910 XM Satellite Radio Many contributed to wireless.
In 1911, Kaiser Wilhelm II sent Telefunken engineers to West Sayville, New York to erect three 600-foot (180-m) radio towers there.
This was, for all intents and purposes, the first transmission of what is now known as amplitude modulation or AM radio. In June 1912 Marconi opened the world's first purpose-built radio factory at New Street Works in Chelmsford, England. The first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan, which survives today as all-news format station WWJ under ownership of the CBS network.
This yields the tragic incident of the sink of the Titanic in 1912. === Radio Act of 1912 === In 1912, the sinking of the Titanic due to delayed emergency signals.
After this tragedy, the government passed on the Radio Act of 1912 to prevent the story to repeat itself in the future.
Popov Central Museum of Communications Birth of public radio broadcasting Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) Digital Radio Mondiale Internet radio List of old-time radio people Personal area networks Radio Act of 1912 Radio Act of 1927 Sirius Satellite Radio Spark-gap transmitter Timeline of radio Timeline of the introduction of radio in countries Wireless Wireless LANs Wireless Ship Act of 1910 XM Satellite Radio Many contributed to wireless.
9XM was first experimentally licensed in 1914, began regular Morse code transmissions in 1916, and its first music broadcast in 1917.
(Their engineer Frank Conrad had been broadcasting from on the two call sign signals of 8XK and 8YK since 1916.) Technically, KDKA was the first of several already-extant stations to receive a 'limited commercial' license. On February 17, 1919, station 9XM at the University of Wisconsin in Madison broadcast human speech to the public at large.
9XM was first experimentally licensed in 1914, began regular Morse code transmissions in 1916, and its first music broadcast in 1917.
What separates WJZ and WBZ from KDKA is the fact that neither of the former stations remain in their original city of license, whereas KDKA has remained in Pittsburgh for its entire existence. 2XG: Launched by Lee de Forest in the Highbridge section of New York City, that station began daily broadcasts in 1916.
9XM was first experimentally licensed in 1914, began regular Morse code transmissions in 1916, and its first music broadcast in 1917.
entered World War I in 1917, and did not return to the air. 1XE: Launched by Harold J.
Power in Medford, Massachusetts, 1XE was an experimental station that started broadcasting in 1917.
The Electrical Experimenter, April 1917, pages 893, 911. Peers, Frank W.
Held at the Engineering Society Building, New York City, Friday evening, May 18, 1917. Timeline of the First Thirty Years of Radio 1895 – 1925; An important chapter in the Death of Distance''.
The Dutch company Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie and its owner engineer, Hanso Idzerda, made the first regular wireless broadcast for entertainment from its workshop in The Hague on 6 November 1919.
(Their engineer Frank Conrad had been broadcasting from on the two call sign signals of 8XK and 8YK since 1916.) Technically, KDKA was the first of several already-extant stations to receive a 'limited commercial' license. On February 17, 1919, station 9XM at the University of Wisconsin in Madison broadcast human speech to the public at large.
It had to go off the air during World War I, but started up again after the war, and began regular voice and music broadcasts in 1919.
Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919-1976 (Praeger Publishers, 1977). Hancock, Harry Edgar, "Wireless at sea; the first fifty years.
This was, for all intents and purposes, the first transmission of what is now known as amplitude modulation or AM radio. In June 1912 Marconi opened the world's first purpose-built radio factory at New Street Works in Chelmsford, England. The first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan, which survives today as all-news format station WWJ under ownership of the CBS network.
The first college radio station began broadcasting on October 14, 1920 from Union College, Schenectady, New York under the personal call letters of Wendell King, an African-American student at the school. That month 2ADD (renamed WRUC in 1947), aired what is believed to be the first public entertainment broadcast in the United States, a series of Thursday night concerts initially heard within a radius and later for a radius.
In November 1920, it aired the first broadcast of a sporting event.
At 9 pm on August 27, 1920, Sociedad Radio Argentina aired a live performance of Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal from the Coliseo Theater in downtown Buenos Aires.
Radio was used to transmit pictures visible as television as early as the 1920s.
Identifying a radio signal by its frequency rather than its length proved much more practical and useful, and starting in the 1920s this became the usual method of identifying a signal, especially in the United States.
Its popular program was broadcast four nights per week on AM 670 metres, until 1924 when the company ran into financial troubles. On 27 August 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by Enrique Telémaco Susini and his associates, and spark gap telegraphy stopped.
On 31 August 1920 the first known radio news program was broadcast by station 8MK, the unlicensed predecessor of WWJ (AM) in Detroit, Michigan.
In the 1920s, the Westinghouse company bought Lee de Forest's and Edwin Armstrong's patent.
We concentrated our attention on essential matters, examining and considering the facts and circumstances which have a direct bearing on policy and the condition which safeguard public interests." ==Broadcast and copyright== When radio was introduced in the early 1920s, many predicted it would kill the phonograph record industry.
Settlement of this 'first' question may hang largely upon what constitutes 'regular' programming It is commonly attributed to KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which in October 1920 received its license and went on the air as the first US licensed commercial broadcasting station on November 2, 1920 with the presidential election results as its inaugural show, but was not broadcasting daily until 1921.
That station is still on the air today as WHA. On August 20, 1920 8MK, began broadcasting daily and was later claimed by famed inventor Lee de Forest as the first commercial station.
It has carried a regular schedule of programming to the present and also broadcast the 1920 presidential election returns just as KDKA did.
Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940 (2005) Crook, Tim.
The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920–1951 (University of Toronto Press, 1969). Pimsleur, J.
The Modern Stentors; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920-1934 (Greenwood Press, 1980). * Rugh, William A.
Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983 (Praeger, 1984). Sterling, Christopher, and Kittross John M.
Meanwhile, regular entertainment broadcasts commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle, England. Sports broadcasting began at this time as well, including the college football on radio broadcast of a 1921 West Virginia vs.
Settlement of this 'first' question may hang largely upon what constitutes 'regular' programming It is commonly attributed to KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which in October 1920 received its license and went on the air as the first US licensed commercial broadcasting station on November 2, 1920 with the presidential election results as its inaugural show, but was not broadcasting daily until 1921.
Regularly scheduled broadcasts of voice and music began in January 1921.
In 1921 8MK changed to WBL and then to WWJ in 1922, in Detroit.
Department of Commerce showed that WBZ received its commercial license on 15 September 1921; another Westinghouse station, WJZ, then in Newark, New Jersey, received its commercial license on November 7, the same day as KDKA did.
Meanwhile, regular entertainment broadcasts commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle, England. Sports broadcasting began at this time as well, including the college football on radio broadcast of a 1921 West Virginia vs.
In 1922 regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England.
The copyright holder for a song had control over all public performances ‘for profit.’ The problem now was proving that the radio industry, which was just figuring out for itself how to make money from advertising and currently offered free music to anyone with a receiver, was making a profit from the songs. The test case was against Bamberger's Department Store in Newark, New Jersey in 1922.
In 1921 8MK changed to WBL and then to WWJ in 1922, in Detroit.
However, the station did not receive its commercial license, becoming WGI, until 1922. WWV, the U.S.
San Francisco Chronicle, 1995. The Prestige, 2006, Touchstone Pictures. The Radio Staff of the Detroit News, WWJ-The Detroit News (The Evening News Association, Detroit, 1922). Ray, William B.
A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939 (Basil Blackwell, 1991). Schramm Wilbur, ed.
Bamberger and Co., One of America's Great Stores, Newark, New Jersey." It was determined through this and previous cases (such as the lawsuit against Shanley's Restaurant) that Bamberger was using the songs for commercial gain, thus making it a public performance for profit, which meant the copyright owners were due payment. With this ruling the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) began collecting licensing fees from radio stations in 1923.
Many national telecom companies historically ran nearly pure telex networks for their governments, and they ran many of these links over short wave radio. Documents including maps and photographs went by radiofax, or wireless photoradiogram, invented in 1924 by Richard H.
Its popular program was broadcast four nights per week on AM 670 metres, until 1924 when the company ran into financial troubles. On 27 August 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by Enrique Telémaco Susini and his associates, and spark gap telegraphy stopped.
In an internal confidential report from February 25, 1924, the Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee stated: "We have been asked 'to consider and advise on the policy to be adopted as regards the Imperial Wireless Services so as to protect and facilitate public interest.' It was impressed upon us that the question was urgent.
Edward Samuels reports in his book The Illustrated Story of Copyright that "radio and TV licensing represents the single greatest source of revenue for ASCAP and its composers […] and [a]n average member of ASCAP gets about $150–$200 per work per year, or about $5,000-$6,000 for all of a member's compositions." Not long after the Bamberger ruling, ASCAP had to once again defend their right to charge fees, in 1924.
Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939 Praeger Publishers, 1995 Journal of the Franklin Institute.
Held at the Engineering Society Building, New York City, Friday evening, May 18, 1917. Timeline of the First Thirty Years of Radio 1895 – 1925; An important chapter in the Death of Distance''.
History of Radio to 1926 (The American Historical Society, Inc., 1938). Barnouw, Erik.
In this act, the state took control of the waves spectrum, separating between a regular signal versus emergency signals from ships. === The Radio Act of 1927 === The Radio Act of 1927 gave the Federal Radio Commission the power to grant and deny licenses, and to assign frequencies and power levels for each licensee.
In section 29, the Radio Act of 1927 mentioned that the content of the broadcast should be freely present, and the government cannot interfere with this. === The Communications Act of 1934 === The introduction of the Communications Act of 1934 led to the establishment of the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC).
Popov Central Museum of Communications Birth of public radio broadcasting Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) Digital Radio Mondiale Internet radio List of old-time radio people Personal area networks Radio Act of 1912 Radio Act of 1927 Sirius Satellite Radio Spark-gap transmitter Timeline of radio Timeline of the introduction of radio in countries Wireless Wireless LANs Wireless Ship Act of 1910 XM Satellite Radio Many contributed to wireless.
In 1928 it began requiring licenses of existing stations and setting controls on who could broadcast from where on what frequency and at what power.
Broadcasting, 1928-1935 Oxford University Press, 1994 McCourt, Tom.
Meanwhile, record sales fell from $75 million in 1929 to $26 million in 1938 (with a low point of $5 million in 1933), though the economics of the situation were also affected by the Great Depression. The copyright owners were concerned that they would see no gain from the popularity of radio and the ‘free’ music it provided.
In the early 1930s, single sideband and frequency modulation were invented by amateur radio operators.
On land-lines in the 1930s, teletypewriters automated encoding, and were adapted to pulse-code dialing to automate routing, a service called telex.
In the 1930s, regular analog television broadcasting began in some parts of Europe and North America.
Radio ownership grew from two out of five homes in 1931 to four out of five homes in 1938.
Westinghouse engineers developed a more modern vacuum tube. ===FM and television start=== In 1933, FM radio was patented by inventor Edwin H.
Meanwhile, record sales fell from $75 million in 1929 to $26 million in 1938 (with a low point of $5 million in 1933), though the economics of the situation were also affected by the Great Depression. The copyright owners were concerned that they would see no gain from the popularity of radio and the ‘free’ music it provided.
In section 29, the Radio Act of 1927 mentioned that the content of the broadcast should be freely present, and the government cannot interfere with this. === The Communications Act of 1934 === The introduction of the Communications Act of 1934 led to the establishment of the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC).
In the US some of his subsequent patented refinements (but not his original radio patent) would be overturned in a 1935 court case (upheld by the US Supreme Court in 1943). ===20th century=== In 1900, Brazilian priest Roberto Landell de Moura transmitted the human voice wirelessly.
In 1937, W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station after Armstrong's W2XMN in Alpine, New Jersey, was granted a construction permit by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Radio ownership grew from two out of five homes in 1931 to four out of five homes in 1938.
Meanwhile, record sales fell from $75 million in 1929 to $26 million in 1938 (with a low point of $5 million in 1933), though the economics of the situation were also affected by the Great Depression. The copyright owners were concerned that they would see no gain from the popularity of radio and the ‘free’ music it provided.
History of Radio to 1926 (The American Historical Society, Inc., 1938). Barnouw, Erik.
Big Business and Radio (The American Historical Society, Inc., 1939) Archer, Gleason L.
Commercial television transmissions started in North America and Europe in the 1940s. In 1947 AT&T commercialized the Mobile Telephone Service.
It continued as a joint venture of AEG and Siemens AG, until Siemens left in 1941.
In the US some of his subsequent patented refinements (but not his original radio patent) would be overturned in a 1935 court case (upheld by the US Supreme Court in 1943). ===20th century=== In 1900, Brazilian priest Roberto Landell de Moura transmitted the human voice wirelessly.
Marconi, Antique Wireless Association monograph, 1980, examining the 1943 decision by the US Supreme Court holding the key Marconi patent invalid (9 pages).
Messner, Inc., 1943.
Louis in 1946, AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948.
The People Look at Radio (University of North Carolina Press, 1946). Maclaurin, W.
The first college radio station began broadcasting on October 14, 1920 from Union College, Schenectady, New York under the personal call letters of Wendell King, an African-American student at the school. That month 2ADD (renamed WRUC in 1947), aired what is believed to be the first public entertainment broadcast in the United States, a series of Thursday night concerts initially heard within a radius and later for a radius.
Commercial television transmissions started in North America and Europe in the 1940s. In 1947 AT&T commercialized the Mobile Telephone Service.
By 1947, the company released the world's popular microphone called U47 which was widely used around the world. ===Reginald Fessenden=== The invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so that more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of the spectrum) is attributed to Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest.
The power MOSFET was later widely adopted for television receiver circuits. ===Mobile phones=== In 1947, AT&T commercialized the Mobile Telephone Service.
The American Radio (University of Chicago Press, 1947). White, Thomas H.
Louis in 1946, AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948.
At a meeting in Copenhagen in 1948, a new wavelength plan was set up for Europe.
Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry (The Macmillan Company, 1949). Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, "Year book of wireless telegraphy and telephony", London : Published for the Marconi Press Agency Ltd., by the St.
It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. ===Digital era=== == Radio broadcasting (1919 to 1950s) == The beginning of radio broadcasting started with different creations of developing the radio receivers and transmitter including the crystal sets and the first vacuum tubes.
Chelmsford, Eng., Marconi International Marine Communication Co., 1950.
Broadcasting: Radio and Television (Harper & Brothers, 1952). Garratt, G.
In 1954, the Regency company introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5 V Battery." In 1955, the newly formed Sony company introduced its first transistorized radio, the TR-55.
In 1954, Regency introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5V Battery".
In 1954, the Regency company introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5 V Battery." In 1955, the newly formed Sony company introduced its first transistorized radio, the TR-55.
In 1955, the newly formed Sony company introduced its first transistorized radio, the TR-55.
In 1957, Sony introduced the TR-63, the first mass-produced transistor radio, leading to the mass-market penetration of transistor radios.
Nova Scotia, Canada, March 14, 2006. Cybertelecom :: Radio History (legal and regulatory) Western Historic Radio Museum: Radio Communication Equipment from 1909 to 1959. Guglielmo Marconi Radio
This continued until the early 1960s when VOR systems became widespread.
Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for picture tubes and very high power or very high frequency uses. In the early 1960s, VOR systems finally became widespread for aircraft navigation; before that, aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation.
Mass Communications (University of Illinois Press, 1960). Schwoch James.
The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom (Oxford University Press, 1961). Brodsky, Ira.
Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) provided a practical and economic solution for radio technology, and was used in mobile radio systems by the early 1970s. By 1963, color television was being broadcast commercially (though not all broadcasts or programs were in color), and the first (radio) communication satellite, Telstar, was launched.
Frequencies specified in number of cycles per second (kilocycles, megacycles) were replaced by the more specific designation of hertz (cycles per second) about 1965. ====Digital era==== In the 1970s, the U.S.
but in 1966 was transferred to Ft.
The Golden Web (Oxford University Press, 1968); The Sponsor (1978); A Tower in Babel (1966). Belrose, John S., "Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century".
The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920–1951 (University of Toronto Press, 1969). Pimsleur, J.
Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) provided a practical and economic solution for radio technology, and was used in mobile radio systems by the early 1970s. By 1963, color television was being broadcast commercially (though not all broadcasts or programs were in color), and the first (radio) communication satellite, Telstar, was launched.
In the 1970s, LORAN became the premier radio navigation system.
Frequencies specified in number of cycles per second (kilocycles, megacycles) were replaced by the more specific designation of hertz (cycles per second) about 1965. ====Digital era==== In the 1970s, the U.S.
Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) provided a practical and economic solution for radio technology, and was used in mobile radio systems by the early 1970s. In the 1970s, LORAN became the premier radio navigation system.
London, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970.
London : H.M.S.O., A Science Museum booklet, 1974.
American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television (Hastings House, 1975). ===Secondary sources=== Aitkin, Hugh G.
Turin: Turinese typographical-publishing union, 1975.
Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919-1976 (Praeger Publishers, 1977). Hancock, Harry Edgar, "Wireless at sea; the first fifty years.
The Advanced Mobile Phone System analog mobile cell phone system, developed by Bell Labs, was introduced in the Americas in 1978, gave much more capacity.
The Advanced Mobile Phone System analog mobile cell phone system, developed by Bell Labs and introduced in the Americas in 1978, gave much more capacity.
Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting (Wadsworth, 1978). Stone, John Stone.
It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. Following development of transistor technology, bipolar junction transistors led to the development of the transistor radio.
In the late 1980s, Asad Ali Abidi at UCLA developed RF CMOS (radio-frequency CMOS), a radio transceiver system on a mixed-signal MOS IC chip, which enabled the introduction of digital signal processing in wireless communications. In 1990, discrete cosine transform (DCT) video coding standards enabled digital television (DTV) transmission in both standard-definition TV (SDTV) and [television|high-definition TV] (HDTV) formats.
It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. ===Digital era=== == Radio broadcasting (1919 to 1950s) == The beginning of radio broadcasting started with different creations of developing the radio receivers and transmitter including the crystal sets and the first vacuum tubes.
Marconi, Antique Wireless Association monograph, 1980, examining the 1943 decision by the US Supreme Court holding the key Marconi patent invalid (9 pages).
The Modern Stentors; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920-1934 (Greenwood Press, 1980). * Rugh, William A.
It operated much the way American Telephone and Telegraph operated until 1983, owning all of its equipment and refusing to communicate with non-Marconi equipped ships.
Documents of American Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984). Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds.
The BBC — the First Fifty Years (Oxford University Press, 1984). Briggs, Asa.
Mass Media Between the Wars (Syracuse University Press, 1984). Craig, Douglas B.
Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983 (Praeger, 1984). Sterling, Christopher, and Kittross John M.
The Continuous Wave: Technology and the American Radio, 1900-1932 (Princeton University Press, 1985). Anderson, Leland.
Navy experimented with satellite navigation, culminating in the launch of the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation in 1987. ==== Wavelength (meters) vs.
In 1987, the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation of satellites was launched. ===Telex on radio=== Telegraphy did not go away on radio.
is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years (Prentice Hall, 1988). Smith, F.
In the late 1980s, Asad Ali Abidi at UCLA developed RF CMOS (radio-frequency CMOS), a radio transceiver system on a mixed-signal MOS IC chip, which enabled the introduction of digital signal processing in wireless communications. In 1990, discrete cosine transform (DCT) video coding standards enabled digital television (DTV) transmission in both standard-definition TV (SDTV) and [television|high-definition TV] (HDTV) formats.
In the early 1990s, amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In the 1990s, the wireless revolution began, with the advent of digital wireless networks.
Army and DARPA launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a software-defined radio that can be programmed to be virtually any radio by changing its software program. Digital transmissions began to be applied to commercial broadcasting in the late 1990s.
FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation (Iowa State University Press, 1990). Rosen, Philip T.
The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939 (University of Illinois Press, 1990). Seifer, Marc J., "The Secret History of Wireless".
A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939 (Basil Blackwell, 1991). Schramm Wilbur, ed.
David "Misreading the Supreme Court: A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio" Mercurians.org. == Media and documentaries == The Men Who Made Radio (1992) by Ken Burns, PBS documentary based on the 1991 book, Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio by Tom Lewis, 1st ed., New York : E.
M., "The early history of radio : from Faraday to Marconi", London, Institution of Electrical Engineers in association with the Science Museum, History of technology series, 1994.
Broadcasting, 1928-1935 Oxford University Press, 1994 McCourt, Tom.
In 1995, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), a digital radio standard, launched in Europe.
International Conference on 100 Years of Radio (5–7 September 1995). Briggs, Asa.
Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939 Praeger Publishers, 1995 Journal of the Franklin Institute.
San Francisco Chronicle, 1995. The Prestige, 2006, Touchstone Pictures. The Radio Staff of the Detroit News, WWJ-The Detroit News (The Evening News Association, Detroit, 1922). Ray, William B.
ISDB-S, a Japanese digital television standard, was launched in 1996, and was later followed by the ISDB-T digital radio standard. ==Start of the 20th century== Around the start of the 20th century, the Slaby-Arco wireless system was developed by Adolf Slaby and Georg von Arco.
International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice Routledge, 1998 Douglas, Susan J., Listening in : radio and the American imagination : from Amos ’n’ Andy and Edward R.
Ostroff; Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998 Sterling, Christopher H.
: Times Books, 1999. Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P.
Conflicting Communication Interests in America: The Case of National Public Radio Praeger Publishers, 1999 McNicol, Donald.
It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. Following development of transistor technology, bipolar junction transistors led to the development of the transistor radio.
It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. ===Digital era=== == Radio broadcasting (1919 to 1950s) == The beginning of radio broadcasting started with different creations of developing the radio receivers and transmitter including the crystal sets and the first vacuum tubes.
Twenty First Century Books, 2005. Sungook Hong, "Wireless: from Marconi's Black-box to the Audion", Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2001, Waldron, Richard Arthur, "Theory of guided electromagnetic waves".
LCCN 69019848 //r86 Weightman, Gavin, "Signor Marconi's magic box : the most remarkable invention of the 19th century & the amateur inventor whose genius sparked a revolution" 1st Da Capo Press ed., Cambridge, Massachusetts : Da Capo Press, 2003. White, Llewellyn.
Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics Praeger, 2004 Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David.
Twenty First Century Books, 2005. Sungook Hong, "Wireless: from Marconi's Black-box to the Audion", Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2001, Waldron, Richard Arthur, "Theory of guided electromagnetic waves".
San Francisco Chronicle, 1995. The Prestige, 2006, Touchstone Pictures. The Radio Staff of the Detroit News, WWJ-The Detroit News (The Evening News Association, Detroit, 1922). Ray, William B.
Nova Scotia, Canada, March 14, 2006. Cybertelecom :: Radio History (legal and regulatory) Western Historic Radio Museum: Radio Communication Equipment from 1909 to 1959. Guglielmo Marconi Radio
"The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses" (Telescope Books, 2008) Butler, Lloyd (VK5BR), "Before Valve Amplification - Wireless Communication of an Early Era" Coe, Douglas and Kreigh Collins (ills), "Marconi, pioneer of radio".
Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call.
Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call. The development of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications.
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