In 1412, King Sigismund mortgaged 13 of the "Saxon" towns to King Władysław II of Poland so they de facto belonged to Poland until 1769. From the 1320s, most of the lands of present-day Slovakia were owned by the kings, but prelates and aristocratic families (e.g., the Drugeth, Szentgyörgyi and Szécsényi families) also hold properties on the territory.
Moreover, the Hungarian control remained strict after 1867 and the movement was constrained by the official policy of magyarization. The first codification of a Slovak literary language by Anton Bernolák in the 1780s was based on the dialect from western Slovakia.
After the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans, Pressburg (the modern-day capital of Slovakia, Bratislava) became, for the period between 1536 and 1784/1848 the capital and the coronation city of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. From 1526 to 1830, nineteen Habsburg sovereigns went through coronation ceremonies as Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of Hungary in St.
After the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans, Pressburg (the modern-day capital of Slovakia, Bratislava) became, for the period between 1536 and 1784/1848 the capital and the coronation city of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. From 1526 to 1830, nineteen Habsburg sovereigns went through coronation ceremonies as Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of Hungary in St.
They considered Czechs and Slovaks members of a single nation and they attempted to draw the languages closer together. In the 1840s, the Protestants split as Ľudovít Štúr developed a literal language based on the dialect from central Slovakia.
Štúr's version was finally approved by both the Catholics and the Lutherans in 1847 and, after several reforms, it remains the official Slovak language. ==== Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ==== In the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Slovak nationalist leaders took the side of the Austrians in order to promote their separation from the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austrian monarchy.
Štúr's version was finally approved by both the Catholics and the Lutherans in 1847 and, after several reforms, it remains the official Slovak language. ==== Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ==== In the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Slovak nationalist leaders took the side of the Austrians in order to promote their separation from the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austrian monarchy.
The Slovak National Council even took part in the Austrian military campaign by setting up auxiliary troops against the rebel government of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
In September, 1848, it managed to organize a short-lived administration of the captured territories.
The territory of present-day Slovakia was included into the Hungarian part of dual Monarchy dominated by the Hungarian political elite which distrusted the Slovak elite due to its Pan-Slavism, separatism and its recent stand against the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
In 1850, the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts or provinces, two of which had administrative centers in the territory of present-day Slovakia: the Military District of Pressburg (Bratislava) and the Military District of Košice. The Austrian authorities abolished both provinces in 1860.
In 1850, the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts or provinces, two of which had administrative centers in the territory of present-day Slovakia: the Military District of Pressburg (Bratislava) and the Military District of Košice. The Austrian authorities abolished both provinces in 1860.
Moreover, the Hungarian control remained strict after 1867 and the movement was constrained by the official policy of magyarization. The first codification of a Slovak literary language by Anton Bernolák in the 1780s was based on the dialect from western Slovakia.
Matica was accused of Pan-Slavic separatism and was dissolved by the authorities in 1875 and other Slovak institutions (including schools) shared the same fate. New signs of national and political life appeared only at the very end of the 19th century.
One result of this awareness, the Congress of Oppressed Peoples of the Kingdom of Hungary, held in Budapest in 1895, alarmed the government.
In 1896, the concept of Czecho-Slovak Mutuality was established in Prague to strengthen Czecho-Slovak cooperation and support the secession of Slovaks from the Kingdom of Hungary. At the beginning of the 20th century, growing democratization of political and social life threatened to overwhelm the monarchy.
An independent Social Democratic Party emerged in 1905. The Slovaks achieved some results.
One of the greatest of these occurred with the election success in 1906, when, despite continued oppression, seven Slovaks managed to get seats in the Assembly.
In the turbulent final year of the war, sporadic protest actions took place in Slovakia; politicians held a secret meeting at Liptószentmiklós / Liptovský Mikuláš on 1 May 1918. ===== First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) ===== At the end of the war Austria-Hungary dissolved.
These disparities, compounded by centralized governmental control from Prague, produced discontent with the structure of the new state among the Slovaks. Although Czechoslovakia, alone among the east-central European countries, remained a parliamentary democracy from 1918 to 1938, it continued to face minority problems, the most important of which concerned the country's large German population.
The new state set up a parliamentary democratic government and established a capital in the Czech city of Prague. As a result of the counter-attack of the Hungarian Red Army in May–June, 1919, Czech troops were ousted from central and eastern parts of present Slovakia, where a puppet short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic with its capital in Prešov was established.
However, the Hungarian army stopped its offensive and later the troops were withdrawn on the Entente's diplomatic intervention. In the Treaty of Trianon signed in 1920, the Paris Peace Conference set the southern border of Czechoslovakia further south from the Slovak-Hungarian language border due to strategic and economic reasons.
The movement toward autonomy built up gradually from the 1920s until it culminated in independence in 1939. In the period between the two world wars, the Czechoslovak government attempted to industrialize Slovakia.
The Czechoslovak census of 1930 recorded in Slovakia 3,254,189 people, including 2,224,983 (68.4%) Slovaks, 585,434 (17.6%) Hungarians, 154,821 (4.5%) Germans, 120,926 (3.7%) Czechs, 95,359 (2.8%) Rusyns and 72,666 (3%) others. Slovaks, whom the Czechs outnumbered in the Czechoslovak state, differed in many important ways from their Czech neighbors.
These efforts did not meet with success, partially due to the Great Depression, the worldwide economic slump of the 1930s.
These disparities, compounded by centralized governmental control from Prague, produced discontent with the structure of the new state among the Slovaks. Although Czechoslovakia, alone among the east-central European countries, remained a parliamentary democracy from 1918 to 1938, it continued to face minority problems, the most important of which concerned the country's large German population.
Many Slovaks joined with Father Andrej Hlinka and Jozef Tiso in calls for equality between Czechs and Slovaks and for greater autonomy for Slovakia. =====Towards autonomy of Slovakia (1938–1939)===== In September 1938, France, Italy, United Kingdom and Nazi Germany concluded the Munich Agreement, which forced Czechoslovakia to cede the predominantly German region known as the Sudetenland to Germany.
The movement toward autonomy built up gradually from the 1920s until it culminated in independence in 1939. In the period between the two world wars, the Czechoslovak government attempted to industrialize Slovakia.
They did this in spite of pro-German official declarations of Czech and Slovak leaders made in October. On 14 March 1939, the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika) declared its independence and became a nominally independent state in Central Europe under Nazi German control of foreign policy and, increasingly, also some aspects of domestic policy.
45,000 in the Soviet campaign) was rather significant in proportion to the population (2.6 million in 1940). Soon after independence, under the authoritarian government of Jozef Tiso, a series of measures aimed against the 90,000 Jews in the country were initiated.
The Hlinka Guard began to attack Jews, and the "Jewish Code" was passed in September 1941.
Between March and October 1942, the state deported approximately 57,000 Jews to the German-occupied part of Poland, where almost all of them were killed in Extermination camps.
The Slovak Parliament accepted a bill that retroactively legalized the deportation in May 1942.
However, 12,600 more Jews were deported by the German forces occupying Slovakia after the Slovak National Uprising in 1944.
Some 10,000 Slovak Jews survived in Slovakia. On 29 August 1944, 60,000 Slovak troops and 18,000 partisans, organized by various underground groups and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, rose up against the Nazis.
It allowed them to end the war as a nation which had contributed to the Allied victory. Later in 1944 the Soviet attacks intensified.
On 4 April 1945, Soviet troops marched into the capital city of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. ====Czechoslovakia after World War II==== The victorious Powers restored Czechoslovakia in 1945 in the wake of World War II, albeit without Carpathian Ruthenia, which Prague ceded to the Soviet Union.
The local German minority was expelled, with only the population of some villages such as Chmeľnica evading expulsion but suffering discrimination against use of their language. The Czechs and Slovaks held elections in 1946.
A transition government formed in December 1989, and the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1948 took place in June 1990.
Concern among other Warsaw Pact governments that Dubček had gone too far led to the invasion and occupation of Czechoslovakia on 21 August 1968, by Soviet, Hungarian, Bulgarian, East German, and Polish troops.
Another Slovak, Gustáv Husák, replaced Dubček as Communist Party leader in April 1969. The 1970s and 1980s became known as the period of "normalization", in which the apologists for the 1968 Soviet invasion prevented as best they could any opposition to their conservative régime.
Another Slovak, Gustáv Husák, replaced Dubček as Communist Party leader in April 1969. The 1970s and 1980s became known as the period of "normalization", in which the apologists for the 1968 Soviet invasion prevented as best they could any opposition to their conservative régime.
Another Slovak, Gustáv Husák, replaced Dubček as Communist Party leader in April 1969. The 1970s and 1980s became known as the period of "normalization", in which the apologists for the 1968 Soviet invasion prevented as best they could any opposition to their conservative régime.
In fact, the Slovak Republic saw comparatively high economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s relative to the Czech Republic (and mostly from 1994 till ). The 1970s also saw the development of a dissident movement, especially in the Czech Republic.
On 1 January 1977, more than 250 [rights] activists signed a manifesto called Charter 77, which criticized the Czechoslovak government for failing to meet its human rights obligations. ==== Velvet Revolution (1989) ==== On 17 November 1989, a series of public protests known as the "Velvet Revolution" began and led to the downfall of Communist Party rule in Czechoslovakia.
Another Slovak, Gustáv Husák, replaced Dubček as Communist Party leader in April 1969. The 1970s and 1980s became known as the period of "normalization", in which the apologists for the 1968 Soviet invasion prevented as best they could any opposition to their conservative régime.
In fact, the Slovak Republic saw comparatively high economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s relative to the Czech Republic (and mostly from 1994 till ). The 1970s also saw the development of a dissident movement, especially in the Czech Republic.
On 1 January 1977, more than 250 [rights] activists signed a manifesto called Charter 77, which criticized the Czechoslovak government for failing to meet its human rights obligations. ==== Velvet Revolution (1989) ==== On 17 November 1989, a series of public protests known as the "Velvet Revolution" began and led to the downfall of Communist Party rule in Czechoslovakia.
A transition government formed in December 1989, and the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1948 took place in June 1990.
Its leader, the playwright and former dissident Václav Havel won election as President of Czechoslovakia in December 1989.
A transition government formed in December 1989, and the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1948 took place in June 1990.
The Slovak counterpart of the Civic Forum, Public Against Violence, expressed the same ideals. In the June 1990 elections, Civic Forum and Public Against Violence won landslide victories.
In 1992, negotiations on the new federal constitution deadlocked over the issue of Slovak autonomy.
In the latter half of 1992, agreement emerged to dissolve Czechoslovakia peacefully.
In the 1992 elections, a spectrum of new parties replaced both Civic Forum and Public Against Violence. ==Contemporary period== ===Independent Slovakia=== In an election held in June 1992, Václav Klaus's Civic Democratic Party won in the Czech lands on a platform of economic reform, and Vladimír Mečiar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) emerged as the leading party in Slovakia, basing its appeal on the fairness of Slovak demands for autonomy.
The first prime minister, Mečiar, had served as the prime minister of the Slovak part of Czechoslovakia since 1992. Rudolf Schuster won the presidential election in May 1999.
On 1 January 1993, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic each simultaneously and peacefully proclaimed their existence.
In fact, the Slovak Republic saw comparatively high economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s relative to the Czech Republic (and mostly from 1994 till ). The 1970s also saw the development of a dissident movement, especially in the Czech Republic.
Mečiar and Klaus negotiated the agreement to divide Czechoslovakia, and Mečiar's party – HZDS – ruled Slovakia for most of its first five years as an independent state, except for a 9-month period in 1994 after a vote of no-confidence, during which a reformist government under Prime Minister Jozef Moravčík operated. The first president of newly independent Slovakia, Michal Kováč, promised to make Slovakia "the Switzerland of Eastern Europe".
Vladimír Mečiar's 'Movement for a Democratic Slovakia', which received about 27% of the vote in 1998 (almost 900,000 votes) received only 19.5% (about 560,000 votes) in 2002 and again went into opposition, unable to find coalition partners.
The first prime minister, Mečiar, had served as the prime minister of the Slovak part of Czechoslovakia since 1992. Rudolf Schuster won the presidential election in May 1999.
Mečiar remained the leader (in opposition) of the HZDS, which continued to receive the support of 20% or more of the population during the first Dzurinda government. In the September 2002 parliamentary election, a last-minute surge in support for Prime Minister Dzurinda's Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÚ) gave him a mandate for a second term.
Vladimír Mečiar's 'Movement for a Democratic Slovakia', which received about 27% of the vote in 1998 (almost 900,000 votes) received only 19.5% (about 560,000 votes) in 2002 and again went into opposition, unable to find coalition partners.
Slovakia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and the EU on 1 May 2004.
Slovakia was, on 10 October 2005, for the first time elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council (for 2006–2007). The next election took place on 17 June 2006, where the leftist Smer got 29.14% (around 670 000 votes) of the popular vote and formed a coalition with Slota's Slovak National Party and Mečiar's 'Movement for a Democratic Slovakia'.
Slovakia was, on 10 October 2005, for the first time elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council (for 2006–2007). The next election took place on 17 June 2006, where the leftist Smer got 29.14% (around 670 000 votes) of the popular vote and formed a coalition with Slota's Slovak National Party and Mečiar's 'Movement for a Democratic Slovakia'.
Their opposition comprised the former ruling parties: the SDKÚ, the SMK and the KDH. The election in June 2010 was won by Smer with 34.8% but Fico was unable to form a government, so a coalition of SDKU, KDH, SaS and Most-Hid took over, with Iveta Radičová as the first woman Prime Minister.
This government fell after the vote of the European Financial Stability Fund was connected with a no-confidence vote, as SaS argued, that Slovakia, should not bail out much richer countries. Smer won the election in 2012 with 44,42%. Fico formed his Second Cabinet.
She was a member of the liberal Progressive Slovakia party, which had no seats in parliament. After the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities won the election and Igor Matovič became the Prime Minister in March 2020.
In April 2021, Prime Minister Eduard Heger sworn in two days after the resignation of his predecessor Igor Matovič.
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