However, German remained the main language of culture, administration and education well into the 19th century. Between 1805 and 1813, the Slovene-settled territory was part of the Illyrian Provinces, an autonomous province of the Napoleonic French Empire, the capital of which was established at Ljubljana.
However, German remained the main language of culture, administration and education well into the 19th century. Between 1805 and 1813, the Slovene-settled territory was part of the Illyrian Provinces, an autonomous province of the Napoleonic French Empire, the capital of which was established at Ljubljana.
They introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service for men and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the Church, and nationalised the judiciary. In August 1813, Austria declared war on France.
In the 1820s and 1840s, the interest in Slovene language and folklore grew enormously, with numerous philologists collecting folk songs and advancing the first steps towards a standardization of the language.
In the 1820s and 1840s, the interest in Slovene language and folklore grew enormously, with numerous philologists collecting folk songs and advancing the first steps towards a standardization of the language.
However, the intellectual circle around the philologist Matija Čop and the Romantic poet France Prešeren was influential in affirming the idea of Slovene linguistic and cultural individuality, refusing the idea of merging the Slovenes into a wider Slavic nation. In 1848, a mass political and popular movement for the United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija) emerged as part of the Spring of Nations movement within the Austrian Empire.
Although the project failed, it served as an almost undisputed platform of Slovene political activity in the following decades. == Clashing nationalisms in the late 19th century == Between 1848 and 1918, numerous institutions (including theatres and publishing houses, as well as political, financial and cultural organisations) were founded in the so-called Slovene National Awakening.
Despite their political and institutional fragmentation and lack of proper political representation, the Slovenes were able to establish a functioning national infrastructure. With the introduction of a constitution granting civil and political liberties in the Austrian Empire in 1860, the Slovene national movement gained force.
In the late 1860s and early 1870s, a series of mass rallies called tabori, modeled on the Irish monster meetings, were organized in support of the United Slovenia program.
In the late 1860s and early 1870s, a series of mass rallies called tabori, modeled on the Irish monster meetings, were organized in support of the United Slovenia program.
The idea of a common political entity of all South Slavs, known as Yugoslavia, emerged. Since the 1880s, a fierce culture war between Catholic traditionalists and integralists on one side, and liberals, progressivists and anticlericals dominated Slovene political and public life, especially in Carniola.
It has been calculated that around 300,000 Slovenes emigrated between 1880 and 1910, which means that one in six Slovenes left their homeland. == Emigration == The period between the 1880s and World War I saw a mass emigration from the present-day Slovenia to America.
The most important authors of this period were Ivan Cankar, Oton Župančič and Dragotin Kette, while Ivan Grohar and Rihard Jakopič were among the most talented Slovene visual artists of the time. After the Ljubljana earthquake of 1895, the city experienced a rapid modernization under the charismatic Liberal nationalist mayors Ivan Hribar and Ivan Tavčar.
In 1905, the first Socialist mayor in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was elected in the Slovene mining town of Idrija on the list of the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party.
By the 1910s, the national struggles between Slovene and Italian speakers in the Austrian Littoral, and Slovene and German speakers, overshadowed other political conflicts and brought about a nationalist radicalization on both sides. In the last two decades before World War One, Slovene arts and literature experienced one of its most flourishing periods, with numerous talented modernist authors, painters and architects.
By 1910, around a third of the city population was Slovene, and the number of Slovenes in Trieste was higher than in Ljubljana. At the turn of the 20th century, hundreds of thousands of Slovenes emigrated to other countries, mostly to the United States, but also to South America, Germany, Egypt and to larger cities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially Zagreb and Vienna.
It has been calculated that around 300,000 Slovenes emigrated between 1880 and 1910, which means that one in six Slovenes left their homeland. == Emigration == The period between the 1880s and World War I saw a mass emigration from the present-day Slovenia to America.
Architects like Jože Plečnik, Ivan Vurnik and Vladimir Šubic introduced modernist architecture to Slovenia. ===Fascist Italianization of Littoral Slovenes and resistance=== With a secret Treaty of London in 1915, the Kingdom of Italy was promised large portions of Austrian-Hungarian territory by the Triple Entente, in exchange for joining the Entente against the Central Powers in World War I.
The demand, known as the May Declaration, was given by the Slovene, Croatian and Serbian parliamentarians in the Vienna Parliament in the spring of 1917.
The Holy Roman Empire controlled the land for nearly 1,000 years, and between the mid-14th century and 1918 most of Slovenia was under Habsburg rule.
In 1918, Slovenes formed Yugoslavia along with Serbs and Croats, while a minority came under Italy.
Although the project failed, it served as an almost undisputed platform of Slovene political activity in the following decades. == Clashing nationalisms in the late 19th century == Between 1848 and 1918, numerous institutions (including theatres and publishing houses, as well as political, financial and cultural organisations) were founded in the so-called Slovene National Awakening.
By early 1918, more than 200,000 signatures were collected in favor of the Slovene People Party's proposal. During the War, some 500 Slovenes served as volunteers in the Serbian army, while a smaller group led by Captain Ljudevit Pivko, served as volunteers in the Italian Army.
In the final year of the war, many predominantly Slovene regiments in the Austro-Hungarian Army staged a mutiny against their military leadership; the best-known mutiny of Slovene soldiers was the Judenburg Rebellion in May 1918. Following the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of the World War I, a National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs took power in Zagreb on 6 October 1918.
In November 1918, Rudolf Maister seized the city of Maribor and surrounding areas of Lower Styria in the name of the newly formed Yugoslav state.
Fighting in Carinthia lasted between December 1918 and June 1919, when the Slovene volunteers and the regular Serbian Army managed to occupy the city of Klagenfurt.
After the Central Powers were defeated in 1918, Italy went on to annex some of the promised territories, after signing the treaty of Rapallo with the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1920.
Fighting in Carinthia lasted between December 1918 and June 1919, when the Slovene volunteers and the regular Serbian Army managed to occupy the city of Klagenfurt.
In October 1920, the majority of the population of southern Carinthia voted to remain in Austria, and only a small portion of the province (around Dravograd and Guštanj) was awarded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
After the Central Powers were defeated in 1918, Italy went on to annex some of the promised territories, after signing the treaty of Rapallo with the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1920.
Clashes between the Italian authorities and Fascist squads on one side, and the local Slovene population on the other, started as early as 1920, culminating with the burning of the Narodni dom, the Slovenian National Hall of Trieste.
The anti-Fascist guerrilla movement continued throughout the late 1920s and 1930s. When Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania joined the Tripartite pact in 1940, pressure greatly increased on Yugoslavia to join in as Hitler was trying to protect its southern flank before launching the attack on the Soviet Union.
The population of the affected areas was approximately 327,000 of the total population of 1.3 million Slovenes. == Kingdom of Yugoslavia == In 1921, against the vote of the great majority (70%) of Slovene MPs, a centralist constitution was passed in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
After all Slovene minority organizations in Italy had been suppressed, the militant anti-fascist organization TIGR was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence.
Slovene politicians participated in almost all Yugoslav governments, and the Slovene conservative leader Anton Korošec briefly served as the only non-Serbian Prime Minister of Yugoslavia in the period between the two world wars. In 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
In the 1930s, the economic crisis created a fertile ground for the rising of both leftist and rightist radicalisms.
The anti-Fascist guerrilla movement continued throughout the late 1920s and 1930s. When Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania joined the Tripartite pact in 1940, pressure greatly increased on Yugoslavia to join in as Hitler was trying to protect its southern flank before launching the attack on the Soviet Union.
In 1935, however, the Slovene People's Party joined the pro-regime Yugoslav Radical Community, opening the space for the development of a left wing autonomist movement.
In 1937, the Communist Party of Slovenia was founded as an autonomous party within the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
The anti-Fascist guerrilla movement continued throughout the late 1920s and 1930s. When Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania joined the Tripartite pact in 1940, pressure greatly increased on Yugoslavia to join in as Hitler was trying to protect its southern flank before launching the attack on the Soviet Union.
The signing of the Treaty of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with Germany on March 25, 1941, was followed two days later by a coup led by aviation general Dusan Simovic.
Thus, Yugoslavia did not seem to be reliable anymore to Hitler, and so on April 6, 1941, according to the operation Marita and without a formal declaration of war, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
In 1941, five Slovene settlements were established under the authority of NDH: Bregansko selo (now called Slovenska vas), Nova vas near Bregana (now Nova vas near Mokrice), Jesenice in Dolenjska, Obrežje and Čedem.
They violently took away 600 children who seemed to satisfy the criteria of the Aryan race and assigned them to the Lebensborn organization, they introduced Nazi laws, and later began to mobilize the military, which was contrary to international law, ... On April 26, 1941, the Anti-Imperialist Front was set up in Ljubljana (renamed the Liberation Front) in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began an armed struggle against the occupiers.
In memory of this event was determined April 27 as the day of the resistance against the occupier. In Volkmerjev prehod in Maribor, on April 29, 1941, two anti-German-style young men under the leadership of Bojan Ilich burned two personal cars of the German Civil Administration.
On June 22, 1941, the main command of the Partisan forces was established and on the same day, the Secrets of the Liberation Movement OF were published.
Subsequently, on November 1, 1941, the Basic Points of the OF, whose points 8 and 9 were written under the influence of the Atlantic Charter, were also published.
By the signing of the Dolomite Declaration on March 1, 1943, the leading role in the Liberation Front was taken over by the Communist Party of Slovenia, which in the victorious national liberation struggle itself assumed all power. In 1943, a liberated territory was formed in Kočevje, where the OF organized the Kočevski Choir, in which it elected the highest organ of the Slovenian state, adopted a decision on joining the Primorska Slovenia and elected a delegation for the II.
Up to 600 graves have been evacuated so far throughout Slovenia. ==Slovenia in Titoist Yugoslavia== Following the re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, declared on 29 November 1943.
The state of Slovenia was created in 1945 as part of federal Yugoslavia.
From the 1950s, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia enjoyed a relatively wide autonomy. ===Stalinist period=== Between 1945 and 1948, a wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia.
Among the show trials that took place in Slovenia between 1945 and 1950, the most important were the Nagode Trial against democratic intellectuals and left liberal activists (1946) and the Dachau trials (1947–1949), where former inmates of Nazi concentration camps were accused of collaboration with the Nazis.
In 1947, Italy ceded most of the Julian March to Yugoslavia, and Slovenia thus regained the Slovenian Littoral.
From the 1950s, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia enjoyed a relatively wide autonomy. ===Stalinist period=== Between 1945 and 1948, a wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia.
These later waves of Slovene immigrants mostly settled in Canada and in Australia, but also in other western countries. ===The 1948 Tito–Stalin split and aftermath=== In 1948, the Tito–Stalin split took place.
From the 1950s, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia enjoyed a relatively wide autonomy. ===Stalinist period=== Between 1945 and 1948, a wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia.
Among the show trials that took place in Slovenia between 1945 and 1950, the most important were the Nagode Trial against democratic intellectuals and left liberal activists (1946) and the Dachau trials (1947–1949), where former inmates of Nazi concentration camps were accused of collaboration with the Nazis.
The case of bishop of Ljubljana Anton Vovk, who was doused with gasoline and set on fire by Communist activists during a pastoral visit to Novo Mesto in January 1952, echoed in the western press. ===1950s: heavy industrialization=== In the late 1950s, Slovenia was the first of the Yugoslav republics to begin a process of relative pluralization.
From the late 1950s onward, dissident circles started to be formed, mostly around short-lived independent journals, such as Revija 57 (1957–1958), which was the first independent intellectual journal in Yugoslavia and one of the first of this kind in the Communist bloc, and Perspektive (1960–1964).
The case of bishop of Ljubljana Anton Vovk, who was doused with gasoline and set on fire by Communist activists during a pastoral visit to Novo Mesto in January 1952, echoed in the western press. ===1950s: heavy industrialization=== In the late 1950s, Slovenia was the first of the Yugoslav republics to begin a process of relative pluralization.
Among the most important critical public intellectuals in this period were the sociologist Jože Pučnik, the poet Edvard Kocbek, and the literary historian Dušan Pirjevec. ===1960s: "Self-management"=== By the late 1960s, the reformist faction gained control of the Slovenian Communist Party, launching a series of reforms, aiming at the modernization of Slovenian society and economy.
A new economic policy, known as workers self-management started to be implemented under the advice and supervision of the main theorist of the Yugoslav Communist Party, the Slovene Edvard Kardelj. ===1970s: "Years of Lead"=== In 1973, this trend was stopped by the conservative faction of the Slovenian Communist Party, backed by the Yugoslav Federal government.
This division was ratified only in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo, which gave a final legal sanction to Slovenia's long disputed western border.
Many people were jailed because of their political beliefs. ===1980s: Towards independence=== In the 1980s, Slovenia experienced a rise of cultural pluralism.
By the mid-1980s, a reformist fraction, led by Milan Kučan, took control of the Slovenian Communist Party, starting a gradual reform towards a market socialism and controlled political pluralism. The Yugoslav economic crisis of the 1980s increased the struggles within the Yugoslav Communist regime regarding the appropriate economic measures to be undertaken.
The political disputes around economic measures was echoed in the public sentiment, as many Slovenes felt they were being economically exploited, having to sustain an expensive and inefficient federal administration. In 1987 and 1988, a series of clashes between the emerging civil society and the Communist regime culminated with the Slovene Spring.
In 1987, a group of liberal intellectuals published a manifesto in the alternative Nova revija journal; in their so-called Contributions for the Slovenian National Program, they called for democratization and a greater independence for Slovenia.
The political disputes around economic measures was echoed in the public sentiment, as many Slovenes felt they were being economically exploited, having to sustain an expensive and inefficient federal administration. In 1987 and 1988, a series of clashes between the emerging civil society and the Communist regime culminated with the Slovene Spring.
Soon afterwards, in mid May 1988, an independent Peasant Union of Slovenia was organized.
These revolutionary events in Slovenia pre-dated by almost one year the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, but went largely unnoticed by international observers. At the same time, the confrontation between the Slovenian Communists and the Serbian Communist Party (which was dominated by the nationalist leader Slobodan Milošević), became the most important political struggle in Yugoslavia.
The new name has been official since 8 March 1990. ==Republic of Slovenia== ===Free elections=== On 30 December 1989 Slovenia officially opened the spring 1990 elections to opposition parties thus inaugurating multi-party democracy.
On 7 March 1990, the Slovenian Assembly passed the amendment XCI changing the official name of the state to the Republic of Slovenia dropping the word 'Socialist'.
The new name has been official since 8 March 1990. ==Republic of Slovenia== ===Free elections=== On 30 December 1989 Slovenia officially opened the spring 1990 elections to opposition parties thus inaugurating multi-party democracy.
The leader of the coalition was the well-known dissident Jože Pučnik. On 8 April 1990, the first free multiparty parliamentary elections, and the first round of the Presidential elections, were held.
At the same time, the government pursued the independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. Milan Kučan was elected President in the second round of the Presidential elections on 22 Apr 1990, defeating the DEMOS candidate Jože Pučnik. ===Kučan presidency (1990–2002)=== ====The DEMOS government (1990–1992): Independence==== Milan Kučan strongly opposed the preservation of Yugoslavia through violent means.
After the concept of a loose confederation failed to gain support by the republics of Yugoslavia, Kučan favoured a controlled process of non-violent disassociation that would enable the collaboration of the former Yugoslav nations on a new, different basis. On 23 December 1990, a referendum on the independence of Slovenia was held, in which the more than 88% of Slovenian residents voted for the independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia.
Slovenia gained its independence from Yugoslavia in June 1991, and is today a member of the European Union and NATO. == Prehistory to Slavic settlement == ===Prehistory=== During the last glacial period, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Neanderthals; the best-known Neanderthal archaeological site in Slovenia is a cave close to the village of Šebrelje near Cerkno, where the Divje Babe Flute, the oldest known musical instrument in the world, was found in 1995.
Slovenia became independent through the passage of the appropriate acts on 25 June 1991.
The Ten-Day War lasted till 7 July 1991, when the Brijuni Agreement was made, with the European Community as a mediator, and the Yugoslav National Army started its withdrawal from Slovenia.
On 26 October 1991, the last Yugoslav soldier left Slovenia. On 23 December 1991 the Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia passed a new Constitution, which became the first Constitution of independent Slovenia. Kučan represented Slovenia at the peace conference on former Yugoslavia in the Hague and Brussels which concluded that the former Yugoslav nations were free to determine their future as independent states.
On May 22, 1992 Kučan represented Slovenia as it became a new member of the United Nations. The most important achievement of the Coalition, however, was the declaration of independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991, followed by a Ten-Day War in which the Slovenians rejected Yugoslav military interference. As a result of internal disagreements the coalition fell apart in 1992.
Jože Pučnik became vice-president in Drnovšek's cabinet, guaranteeing some continuity in the government policies. The first country to recognise Slovenia as an independent country was Croatia on 26 June 1991.
In the second half of 1991, some of the countries formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union recognized Slovenia.
On 19 December 1991, Iceland and Sweden recognised Slovenia, and Germany passed a resolution on the recognition of Slovenia, realised alongside the European Economic Community (EEC) on 15 January 1992.
The United States was at first very reserved towards the Slovenian independence and recognised Slovenia only on 7 April 1992. The recognition by the EEC was particularly significant for Slovenia, as in December 1991 the EEC passed criteria for the international recognition of newly founded countries, which included democracy, the respect for [rights], the government of law, and the respect for the national minority rights.
On May 22, 1992 Kučan represented Slovenia as it became a new member of the United Nations. The most important achievement of the Coalition, however, was the declaration of independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991, followed by a Ten-Day War in which the Slovenians rejected Yugoslav military interference. As a result of internal disagreements the coalition fell apart in 1992.
It was officially dissolved in April 1992 in agreement with all the parties that had composed it.
On 19 December 1991, Iceland and Sweden recognised Slovenia, and Germany passed a resolution on the recognition of Slovenia, realised alongside the European Economic Community (EEC) on 15 January 1992.
On 13, respectively 14 January 1992, the Holy See and San Marino recognised Slovenia.
The first transmarine countries to recognise Slovenia were Canada and Australia on the 15, respectively 16 January 1992.
The United States was at first very reserved towards the Slovenian independence and recognised Slovenia only on 7 April 1992. The recognition by the EEC was particularly significant for Slovenia, as in December 1991 the EEC passed criteria for the international recognition of newly founded countries, which included democracy, the respect for [rights], the government of law, and the respect for the national minority rights.
The recognition of Slovenia therefore indirectly also meant that Slovenia had been meeting the passed criteria. In December 1992, after the independence and the international recognition of Slovenia, Kučan was elected as the first President of Slovenia in the 1992 presidential election, with the support of the citizens list.
Slovenia gained its independence from Yugoslavia in June 1991, and is today a member of the European Union and NATO. == Prehistory to Slavic settlement == ===Prehistory=== During the last glacial period, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Neanderthals; the best-known Neanderthal archaeological site in Slovenia is a cave close to the village of Šebrelje near Cerkno, where the Divje Babe Flute, the oldest known musical instrument in the world, was found in 1995.
He won another five-year term in the 1997 election, running again as an independent and again winning the majority in the first round. ====Drnovšek premiership (1992–2002): Re-orientation of Slovenia's trade==== Drnovšek was the second Prime Minister of independent Slovenia.
After six months in opposition from May 2000 to Autumn 2000, Drnovšek returned to power again and helped to arrange the first meeting between George W.
Bush and Vladimir Putin (Bush-Putin 2001). === Drnovšek presidency (2002–2007); EU and NATO membership === Drnovšek held the position of the President of Republic from 2002 to 2007.
The world's oldest securely dated wooden wheel and axle was found near the Ljubljana Marshes in 2002.
Bush and Vladimir Putin (Bush-Putin 2001). === Drnovšek presidency (2002–2007); EU and NATO membership === Drnovšek held the position of the President of Republic from 2002 to 2007.
During the term, in March 2003, Slovenia held two referendums on joining the EU and NATO.
Slovenia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and the European Union on 1 May 2004.
On 1 January 2007 Slovenia joined the Eurozone and adopted the euro as its currency. ==== Janša premiership (2004–2008): Unsustainable growth ==== Janez Janša was Prime Minister of Slovenia from November 2004 to November 2008 for the first time.
Jansa had previously been prime minister from 2004 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2013.
He was replaced by the first female PM in history of Slovenia, Alenka Bratušek, after the official anti-corruption agency's Report on the Parliamentary Parties' Leaders was issued. Former prime minister Janez Jansa spent six months in prison in 2014 after being convicted on bribery charges related to a 2006 arms deal.
Bush and Vladimir Putin (Bush-Putin 2001). === Drnovšek presidency (2002–2007); EU and NATO membership === Drnovšek held the position of the President of Republic from 2002 to 2007.
On 1 January 2007 Slovenia joined the Eurozone and adopted the euro as its currency. ==== Janša premiership (2004–2008): Unsustainable growth ==== Janez Janša was Prime Minister of Slovenia from November 2004 to November 2008 for the first time.
On 1 January 2007 Slovenia joined the Eurozone and adopted the euro as its currency. ==== Janša premiership (2004–2008): Unsustainable growth ==== Janez Janša was Prime Minister of Slovenia from November 2004 to November 2008 for the first time.
Jansa had previously been prime minister from 2004 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2013.
With contributions by Oto Luthar, Igor Grdina, Marjeta Šašel Kos, Petra Svoljšak, Peter Kos, Dušan Kos, Peter Štih, Alja Brglez and Martin Pogačar (Frankfurt am Main etc., Peter Lang, 2008). ==External links== Sistory.si – an education and research portal of Slovene historiography. History of Slovenia: Primary Documents
Faced by the global economic crisis his government proposed economic reforms, but they were rejected by the opposition leader Janez Janša and blocked by referenda in 2011.
On the other hand, the voters voted in favour of an arbitration agreement with Croatia, aimed to solve the border dispute between the countries, emerging after the breakup of Yugoslavia. === Pahor Presidency (2012-) === Pahor has held the position of president since 2012.
In November 2017, Slovenian President Borut Pahor was re-elected for a second term in close election. ==== Janša premiership (2012–2013): Anti-corruption report ==== Janša was Prime Minister of Slovenia from February 2012 until March 2013 for the second time.
Jansa had previously been prime minister from 2004 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2013.
In November 2017, Slovenian President Borut Pahor was re-elected for a second term in close election. ==== Janša premiership (2012–2013): Anti-corruption report ==== Janša was Prime Minister of Slovenia from February 2012 until March 2013 for the second time.
Jansa had previously been prime minister from 2004 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2013.
He was replaced by the first female PM in history of Slovenia, Alenka Bratušek, after the official anti-corruption agency's Report on the Parliamentary Parties' Leaders was issued. Former prime minister Janez Jansa spent six months in prison in 2014 after being convicted on bribery charges related to a 2006 arms deal.
Jansa had denied any wrongdoing. Miro Cerar was prime minister since September 2014 until March 2018.
In November 2017, Slovenian President Borut Pahor was re-elected for a second term in close election. ==== Janša premiership (2012–2013): Anti-corruption report ==== Janša was Prime Minister of Slovenia from February 2012 until March 2013 for the second time.
Jansa had denied any wrongdoing. Miro Cerar was prime minister since September 2014 until March 2018.
His government coalition included Cerar’s Party of Modern Centre, the Social Democrats and pensioners’ party Desus. In June 2018, the center-right Slovenia Democratic Party (SDS) of former prime minister Janez Jansa won in the election.
In August 2018, new prime minister Marjan Sarec formed a minority government made up of five center-left parties.
In January 2020, prime minister Sarec resigned because his minority government was too weak to push through important legislation. ==== Janša premiership (2020-) ==== In March 2020, Janez Janša became prime minister for third time in the new coalition government of SDS, the Modern Centre Party (SMC), New Slovenia (NSi) and Pensioners' Party (DeSUS).
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