1580–1690 and in the mid-18th century, separated by relative stagnation from the 1690s to about 1720.
In 1721, Russia and its allies won the war against Sweden.
Slow to learn the limits of Sweden's diminished strength, a party of nobles, who called themselves the "Hats", dreamed of revenge on Russia and ruled the country from 1739 to 1765; they engaged in wars in 1741, 1757, 1788, and 1809, with more or less disastrous results as Russian influence grew after every Swedish defeat. ===Enlightenment=== Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science, and learning.
The Academy of Science was founded in 1739 and the Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities in 1753.
Science in Sweden: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739–1989.
Slow to learn the limits of Sweden's diminished strength, a party of nobles, who called themselves the "Hats", dreamed of revenge on Russia and ruled the country from 1739 to 1765; they engaged in wars in 1741, 1757, 1788, and 1809, with more or less disastrous results as Russian influence grew after every Swedish defeat. ===Enlightenment=== Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science, and learning.
The second period of urban growth began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic.
En kort introduktion till Sveriges ekonomiska historia, 1750–2010 (Lund 2013). Magnusson, Lars.
En kort introduktion until Sveriges ekonomiska historia, 1750–2010 (Lund 2013). Lewin, Leif.
Place, Practice and Structure: Social and Spatial Transformation in Southern Sweden, 1750–1850.
A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750–1850.
The Academy of Science was founded in 1739 and the Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities in 1753.
Slow to learn the limits of Sweden's diminished strength, a party of nobles, who called themselves the "Hats", dreamed of revenge on Russia and ruled the country from 1739 to 1765; they engaged in wars in 1741, 1757, 1788, and 1809, with more or less disastrous results as Russian influence grew after every Swedish defeat. ===Enlightenment=== Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science, and learning.
Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era, 1760–1815 (1986) Barton, Sunbar P.
Slow to learn the limits of Sweden's diminished strength, a party of nobles, who called themselves the "Hats", dreamed of revenge on Russia and ruled the country from 1739 to 1765; they engaged in wars in 1741, 1757, 1788, and 1809, with more or less disastrous results as Russian influence grew after every Swedish defeat. ===Enlightenment=== Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science, and learning.
A new law in 1766 established for the first time the principle of freedom of the press, a notable step towards liberty of political opinion.
Among infants and children between the ages of one and four, smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770–1780s and declined afterward.
King Gustav III (1746–1792) came to the throne in 1771, and in 1772 led a coup d'état, with French support, that established him as an "enlightened despot", who ruled at will.
King Gustav III (1746–1792) came to the throne in 1771, and in 1772 led a coup d'état, with French support, that established him as an "enlightened despot", who ruled at will.
Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population had included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847. ====Early urbanisation==== Between 1570 and 1800, Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, c.
Slow to learn the limits of Sweden's diminished strength, a party of nobles, who called themselves the "Hats", dreamed of revenge on Russia and ruled the country from 1739 to 1765; they engaged in wars in 1741, 1757, 1788, and 1809, with more or less disastrous results as Russian influence grew after every Swedish defeat. ===Enlightenment=== Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science, and learning.
Between 1570 and 1800, Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion.
Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population had included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847. ====Early urbanisation==== Between 1570 and 1800, Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, c.
There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800.
Finland was lost to Russia in a war in 1808–1809. In the early 19th century, Finland and the remaining territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost.
It was characterised by increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west. ==19th century== === Loss of Finland: 1809 === Finland was lost to Russia in a war that lasted from February 1808 to September 1809.
Slow to learn the limits of Sweden's diminished strength, a party of nobles, who called themselves the "Hats", dreamed of revenge on Russia and ruled the country from 1739 to 1765; they engaged in wars in 1741, 1757, 1788, and 1809, with more or less disastrous results as Russian influence grew after every Swedish defeat. ===Enlightenment=== Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science, and learning.
It was characterised by increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west. ==19th century== === Loss of Finland: 1809 === Finland was lost to Russia in a war that lasted from February 1808 to September 1809.
Humanitarian aid from England did not succeed in preventing Sweden from adopting more Napoleon-friendly policies after the Swedish coup d'état in 1809. === Union with Norway: 1814 === In 1810, French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's top generals, was elected as Charles XIV John of Sweden (1818–44) by the Riksdag.
The king was overthrown by the army, which in 1810 decided to bring in one of Napoleon's marshals, Jean Bernadotte, as the heir apparent. ====Colonies and slavery==== Sweden experimented briefly with overseas colonies, including "New Sweden" in Colonial America and the "Swedish Gold Coast" in present-day Ghana, which began in the 1630s.
Humanitarian aid from England did not succeed in preventing Sweden from adopting more Napoleon-friendly policies after the Swedish coup d'état in 1809. === Union with Norway: 1814 === In 1810, French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's top generals, was elected as Charles XIV John of Sweden (1818–44) by the Riksdag.
Two years of military service was made compulsory for young men although there was no warfare. === Health === The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810.
Bernadotte: Prince and King, 1810–1844 (1925), standard scholarly history Chatterton, Mark.
"The national wealth of Sweden, 1810–2014" Scandinavian Economic History Review 64#1 (2016) pp. 36–54 ===Historiography and memory=== Metcalf, Michael F.
In 1813, his forces joined the allies against Napoleon and defeated the Danes at Bornhöved.
Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime.
Humanitarian aid from England did not succeed in preventing Sweden from adopting more Napoleon-friendly policies after the Swedish coup d'état in 1809. === Union with Norway: 1814 === In 1810, French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's top generals, was elected as Charles XIV John of Sweden (1818–44) by the Riksdag.
Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population had included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847. ====Early urbanisation==== Between 1570 and 1800, Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, c.
There was less need for manual labor on the farm so many went to the cities and a million Swedes emigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890.
Many returned and brought word of the higher productivity of American industry, this stimulating faster modernization. In 1873, Sweden and Denmark formed the Scandinavian Monetary Union. The late 19th century saw the emergence of an opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies on craftsmen and the reform of taxation.
In 1876, he attacked the traditional myths of the social and legal conditions of ancient Greece and Rome inherited from the classical authors.
Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population had included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847. ====Early urbanisation==== Between 1570 and 1800, Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, c.
The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality. The introduction of compulsory gymnastics in Swedish schools in 1880 rested partly on a long tradition, from Renaissance humanism to the Enlightenment, of the importance of physical as well as intellectual training.
There was less need for manual labor on the farm so many went to the cities and a million Swedes emigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890.
A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism.
As a professor of history at Uppsala University, Hjärne became a spokesman for the Conservative Party and the Swedish monarchy by 1900.
After 1990, there were signs of revival in historiography, with a strong new emphasis on 20th-century topics, as well as the application of social history and computerized statistical techniques to the demographic history of ordinary villagers before 1900. According to Lars Magnusson, social history is a specialty inside economic history.
Norway was then forced to enter into a personal union with Sweden that lasted until 1905.
The king's rule was not well received and when Sweden refused to allow Norway to have its own diplomats, Norway rejected the King of Sweden in 1905 and selected its own king. During Charles XIV's reign, the first stage of the Industrial Revolution reached Sweden.
The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century (Princeton University Press; 2011); 543 pp; Traces the history of the Scandinavian social model as it developed after the separation of Norway and Sweden in 1905. Söderberg, Johan et al.
The Liberal Party, based on the middle class, put forth in 1907 a program for local voting rights later accepted in the Riksdag.
Later the Swedish signed agreements allowing trade with the Allied powers and limiting trade with Central Powers, though this brought about the fall of the government of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld. === Industrialization: 1910–1939 === During the First World War and the 1920s, its industries expanded to meet the European demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches.
Another movement emerged at Lund University around 1910, where critical scholars began using the source critics' methods to the early history of Scandinavia.
This helped Sweden avoid the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911.
Later the Swedish signed agreements allowing trade with the Allied powers and limiting trade with Central Powers, though this brought about the fall of the government of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld. === Industrialization: 1910–1939 === During the First World War and the 1920s, its industries expanded to meet the European demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches.
Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. ===Foreign policy 1920–1939=== Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which pursuing abortive efforts at Nordic defense co-operation. === Sweden during World War II === Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II, although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the Winter War with Finland against the Soviets.
Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. ===Foreign policy 1920–1939=== Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which pursuing abortive efforts at Nordic defense co-operation. === Sweden during World War II === Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II, although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the Winter War with Finland against the Soviets.
As the secretary of the 1944 Swedish delegation to Hungary, to co-ordinate humanitarian relief for the Jews of Europe during the Jewish Holocaust.
He helped to rescue tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary in late 1944.
He disappeared in January 1945, and probably died in a Soviet prison in 1947. === Post-war Sweden === Sweden was one of the first non-participants of World War II to join the United Nations (in 1946).
Sweden's industry had not been damaged by the war and it was in a position to help re-build Northern Europe in the decades following 1945.
He disappeared in January 1945, and probably died in a Soviet prison in 1947. === Post-war Sweden === Sweden was one of the first non-participants of World War II to join the United Nations (in 1946).
He disappeared in January 1945, and probably died in a Soviet prison in 1947. === Post-war Sweden === Sweden was one of the first non-participants of World War II to join the United Nations (in 1946).
They spent much of the 1950s and 1960s building Folkhemmet (The People's Home), the Swedish welfare state.
They spent much of the 1950s and 1960s building Folkhemmet (The People's Home), the Swedish welfare state.
A strong ability to defend against an amphibious invasion was maintained, complete with Swedish-built warplanes, but there was no long-range bombing capability. In the early 1960s, U.S.
The result was a half-century of often embittered controversy between traditionalists and revisionists that lasted until 1960.
The history makers: The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965 (LSU Press, 1966) pp. 33–49 Palmer, Alan.
The history makers: The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965 (LSU Press, 1966) pp. 33–49 Palmer, Alan.
However, by the 1970s, the economies of the rest of Western Europe were prosperous and growing rapidly, while the Swedish economy stagnated.
The 1976 parliamentary elections brought a liberal/right-wing coalition to power.
Many economists blamed its large tax funded public sector. In 1976, the social democrats lost their majority.
Over the next six years, four governments ruled and fell, composed by all or some of the parties that had won in 1976.
In a referendum held in 2003, the majority voted not to adopt the Euro as the country's official currency. During the 1980s, Sweden attempted to preserve its model of capitalism plus a generous welfare state through what it called a "bridging policy." Unintended consequences resulted in the 1990s.
The fourth liberal government in these years came under fire by Social Democrats and trade unions and the Moderate Party, culminating in the Social Democrats regaining power in 1982. During the Cold War Sweden maintained a dual approach, publicly the strict neutrality policy was forcefully maintained, but unofficially strong ties were kept with the U.S., Norway, Denmark, West Germany, and other NATO countries.
In return, Swedish scientists at the Royal Institute of Technology made considerable contributions to enhancing the targeting performance of the Polaris missiles. On February 28, 1986, the Social Democratic leader Prime Minister Olof Palme was assassinated.
In a referendum held in 2003, the majority voted not to adopt the Euro as the country's official currency. During the 1980s, Sweden attempted to preserve its model of capitalism plus a generous welfare state through what it called a "bridging policy." Unintended consequences resulted in the 1990s.
After 1990, there were signs of revival in historiography, with a strong new emphasis on 20th-century topics, as well as the application of social history and computerized statistical techniques to the demographic history of ordinary villagers before 1900. According to Lars Magnusson, social history is a specialty inside economic history.
After 1991, these factors caused a recession with high unemployment.
Shocked Swedes worried whether the nation had lost its innocence. In 1995, a few years after the end of the Cold War, Sweden became a member of the European Union and the old term "policy of neutrality" fell out of use.
By 2000, however, the positive trends dominated.
"Fluctuat nec mergitur: Economic history in Sweden at the turn of the century 2000." Scandinavian Economic History Review 50.3 (2002): 68–82. Söderberg, Johan.
In a referendum held in 2003, the majority voted not to adopt the Euro as the country's official currency. During the 1980s, Sweden attempted to preserve its model of capitalism plus a generous welfare state through what it called a "bridging policy." Unintended consequences resulted in the 1990s.
The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century (Princeton University Press; 2011); 543 pp; Traces the history of the Scandinavian social model as it developed after the separation of Norway and Sweden in 1905. Söderberg, Johan et al.
En kort introduktion till Sveriges ekonomiska historia, 1750–2010 (Lund 2013). Magnusson, Lars.
En kort introduktion until Sveriges ekonomiska historia, 1750–2010 (Lund 2013). Lewin, Leif.
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