The Valtellina became a dependency of the Drei Bünde again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the Cisalpine Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. In 1653, peasants of territories subject to Lucerne, Bern, Solothurn, and Basel revolted because of currency devaluation.
The Swiss Reformation divided the Confederacy and resulted in a drawn-out history of internal strife between the Thirteen Cantons in the Early Modern period. In the wake of the French Revolution, Switzerland fell to a French invasion in 1798 and was reformed into the Helvetic Republic, a French client state.
The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented, although some modernizing reforms took place. Resistance was strongest in the more traditional Catholic bastions, with armed uprisings breaking out in spring 1798 in the central part of Switzerland.
The reform element was weak, and most Swiss resented their loss of local democracy, the centralization, the new taxes, the warfare, and the hostility to religion. Major steps taken to emancipate the Jews included the repeal of special taxes and oaths in 1798.
Napoleon's Act of Mediation in 1803 restored the status of Switzerland as a Confederation, and after the end of the Napoleonic period, the Swiss Confederation underwent a period of turmoil culminating in a brief civil war in 1847 and the creation of a federal constitution in 1848. The history of Switzerland since 1848 has been largely one of success and prosperity.
However, reaction took place in 1815, and not until 1879 were the Jews granted equal rights with the Christians. In 1803, Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of Aargau, Thurgau, Grisons, St.
Napoleon and his enemies fought numerous campaigns in Switzerland that ruined many localities. === Restoration and Regeneration === The Congress of Vienna of 1814–15 fully reestablished Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to recognize permanent Swiss neutrality.
However, reaction took place in 1815, and not until 1879 were the Jews granted equal rights with the Christians. In 1803, Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of Aargau, Thurgau, Grisons, St.
The Tagsatzung was re-organized by the Federal Treaty (Bundesvertrag) of 7 August 1815. The liberal Free Democratic Party of Switzerland was strong in the largely Protestant cantons obtained the majority in the Federal Diet in the early 1840s.
The Diet ordered the Sonderbund dissolved, igniting a small-scale civil war against rural cantons were strongholds of pro-Catholic ultramontanism. ===Sonderbund War of 1847=== The Radical-liberal-Protestant element charged that the Sonderbund was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6 of which expressly forbade such separate alliances.
The Tagsatzung was re-organized by the Federal Treaty (Bundesvertrag) of 7 August 1815. The liberal Free Democratic Party of Switzerland was strong in the largely Protestant cantons obtained the majority in the Federal Diet in the early 1840s.
The Federal Diet, with the approval of a majority of cantons, had taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in Aargau in 1841, and the seizure of their properties.
Catholic Lucerne, in retaliation, in 1844 recalled the Jesuits to head its education.
Napoleon's Act of Mediation in 1803 restored the status of Switzerland as a Confederation, and after the end of the Napoleonic period, the Swiss Confederation underwent a period of turmoil culminating in a brief civil war in 1847 and the creation of a federal constitution in 1848. The history of Switzerland since 1848 has been largely one of success and prosperity.
That succeeded and seven Catholic cantons formed the "Sonderbund." This caused a liberal-radical move in the Protestant cantons to take control of the national Diet in 1847.
The Diet ordered the Sonderbund dissolved, igniting a small-scale civil war against rural cantons were strongholds of pro-Catholic ultramontanism. ===Sonderbund War of 1847=== The Radical-liberal-Protestant element charged that the Sonderbund was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6 of which expressly forbade such separate alliances.
Forming a majority in the Tagsatzung they decided to dissolve the Sonderbund on October 21, 1847.
Since 1848 the Swiss Confederation has been a federal republic of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics. The early history of the region is tied to that of Alpine culture.
Napoleon's Act of Mediation in 1803 restored the status of Switzerland as a Confederation, and after the end of the Napoleonic period, the Swiss Confederation underwent a period of turmoil culminating in a brief civil war in 1847 and the creation of a federal constitution in 1848. The history of Switzerland since 1848 has been largely one of success and prosperity.
However conservatives around Europe became frightened, and prepared their own forces to meet possible challenges, which indeed soon exploded the Revolutions of 1848.
In those violent revolutions, outside Switzerland, the conservatives were always successful. ==Modern Switzerland (1848–present)== ===Industrialisation=== As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters, leaving all other matters to the cantonal governments.
In those violent revolutions, outside Switzerland, the conservatives were always successful. ==Modern Switzerland (1848–present)== ===Industrialisation=== As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters, leaving all other matters to the cantonal governments.
However, reaction took place in 1815, and not until 1879 were the Jews granted equal rights with the Christians. In 1803, Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of Aargau, Thurgau, Grisons, St.
In 1888 women made up 44% of the wage earners.
The share of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it was in the late 1960s and 1970s. Swiss Universities in the late 19th century are notable for the number of female students receiving medical education. ===World Wars (1914–1945)=== The major powers respected Switzerland's neutrality during World War I.
The share of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it was in the late 1960s and 1970s. Swiss Universities in the late 19th century are notable for the number of female students receiving medical education. ===World Wars (1914–1945)=== The major powers respected Switzerland's neutrality during World War I.
Between 1940 and 1945, the German Reichsbank sold 1.3 billion francs worth of gold to Swiss Banks in exchange for Swiss francs and other foreign currency. Hundreds of millions of francs worth of this gold was monetary gold plundered from the central banks of occupied countries.
Concessions reached their zenith after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis.
Between 1940 and 1945, the German Reichsbank sold 1.3 billion francs worth of gold to Swiss Banks in exchange for Swiss francs and other foreign currency. Hundreds of millions of francs worth of this gold was monetary gold plundered from the central banks of occupied countries.
The final report by this independent panel of international scholars, known as the Bergier Commission, was issued in 2002. ===History after 1945=== During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.
The share of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it was in the late 1960s and 1970s. Swiss Universities in the late 19th century are notable for the number of female students receiving medical education. ===World Wars (1914–1945)=== The major powers respected Switzerland's neutrality during World War I.
The Swiss-German speaking areas moved linguistically further away from the standard (high) German spoken in Germany, with more emphasis on local Swiss dialects. In the 1960s, significant controversy arose among historians regarding the nation's relations with Nazi Germany. By the 1990s the controversies included a class-action lawsuit brought in New York over Jewish assets in Holocaust-era bank accounts.
However, financial problems with the defense budget prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative.
The share of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it was in the late 1960s and 1970s. Swiss Universities in the late 19th century are notable for the number of female students receiving medical education. ===World Wars (1914–1945)=== The major powers respected Switzerland's neutrality during World War I.
This followed decades of debate and its previous rejection of membership in 1986 by a 3-1 popular vote. Women's suffrage in Switzerland was introduced by popular vote in 1971.
In 1979, parts of the canton of Bern attained independence, forming the new canton of Jura. Switzerland's role in many United Nations and international organizations helped to mitigate the country's concern for neutrality.
An equal rights amendment was ratified in 1981. Switzerland is not a member state of the EU, but has been (together with Liechtenstein) surrounded by EU territory since the joining of Austria in 1995.
This followed decades of debate and its previous rejection of membership in 1986 by a 3-1 popular vote. Women's suffrage in Switzerland was introduced by popular vote in 1971.
The Swiss-German speaking areas moved linguistically further away from the standard (high) German spoken in Germany, with more emphasis on local Swiss dialects. In the 1960s, significant controversy arose among historians regarding the nation's relations with Nazi Germany. By the 1990s the controversies included a class-action lawsuit brought in New York over Jewish assets in Holocaust-era bank accounts.
An equal rights amendment was ratified in 1981. Switzerland is not a member state of the EU, but has been (together with Liechtenstein) surrounded by EU territory since the joining of Austria in 1995.
The final report by this independent panel of international scholars, known as the Bergier Commission, was issued in 2002. ===History after 1945=== During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.
In 2002, Switzerland voters gave 55% of their vote in favour of the UN and joined the United Nations.
In 2005, Switzerland agreed to join the Schengen treaty and Dublin Convention by popular vote.
The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii. A female who died in about 200 B.C was found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in Aussersihl.
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