Thus, the eastern part of present Tajikistan passed to the Khanate of Kokand, while the western one remained part of the Khanate of Bukhara. ===Iranian and Bukharan rule (1740–1868)=== In 1740, the Janid khanate was conquered by Nader Shah, the Afsharid ruler of Iran.
The Janid khan Abu al Faiz retained his throne, becoming Nadir's vassal. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, the chief of the Manghit tribe, Muhammad Rahim Biy Azaliq, overcame his rivals from other tribes and consolidated his rule in the Khanate of Bukhara.
In 1785 Shah Murad formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara ==Modern History (1868—1991)== ===Russian Vassalage (1868–1920)=== Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era.
The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s.
Tashkent was conquered in 1865 and in 1867 the Turkestan Governor-Generalship was created with Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman as the first Governor-General. The expansion was motivated by Russia's economic interests and was connected with the American Civil War in the early 1860s, which severely interrupted the supply of cotton fiber to the Russian industry and forced Russia to turn to Central Asia as an alternative source of cotton supply as well as a market for Russian made goods.
Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand ( from today's border with Kazakhstan in the north to the Caspian Sea in the west and the border with Afghanistan in the south).
Tashkent was conquered in 1865 and in 1867 the Turkestan Governor-Generalship was created with Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman as the first Governor-General. The expansion was motivated by Russia's economic interests and was connected with the American Civil War in the early 1860s, which severely interrupted the supply of cotton fiber to the Russian industry and forced Russia to turn to Central Asia as an alternative source of cotton supply as well as a market for Russian made goods.
Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) 1968. Burton, Audrey.
Tashkent was conquered in 1865 and in 1867 the Turkestan Governor-Generalship was created with Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman as the first Governor-General. The expansion was motivated by Russia's economic interests and was connected with the American Civil War in the early 1860s, which severely interrupted the supply of cotton fiber to the Russian industry and forced Russia to turn to Central Asia as an alternative source of cotton supply as well as a market for Russian made goods.
The army of the Emirate of Bukhara was utterly defeated in three battles, and on 18 June 1868 Emir Mozaffar al-Din (r.
The Russian regime in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).
Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand ( from today's border with Kazakhstan in the north to the Caspian Sea in the west and the border with Afghanistan in the south).
Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913.
Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913.
Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I.
On 6 October 1920 the emirate was abolished and the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. ===Basmachi movement (1916-1924)=== The Basmachi movement or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule that arose after the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia. The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 that erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service during World War I.
The Basmachi revolt broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and was quelled in the early 1920s during the Russian Civil War.
On 6 October 1920 the emirate was abolished and the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. ===Basmachi movement (1916-1924)=== The Basmachi movement or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule that arose after the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia. The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 that erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service during World War I.
In the months following the October 1917 Revolution the Bolsheviks seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the Russian Civil War began.
Soviet Russia and Asia, 1917–1927, a study of Soviet policy towards Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan (London: Joseph for the Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies) 1966. Luknitsky, Pavel.
The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) 1964. Rashid, Ahmed.
The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people.
The Basmachi revolt broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and was quelled in the early 1920s during the Russian Civil War.
Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan. At the end of August 1920 the last emir, Sayyid Alim Khan, was overthrown by Soviet troops.
On 6 October 1920 the emirate was abolished and the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. ===Basmachi movement (1916-1924)=== The Basmachi movement or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule that arose after the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia. The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 that erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service during World War I.
The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi movements who waged a guerrilla war and a conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Ferghana Valley and much of Turkestan. The fortunes of the decentralized movement fluctuated throughout the early 1920s but by 1923 the Red Army's extensive campaigns dealt the Basmachis many defeats.
The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi movements who waged a guerrilla war and a conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Ferghana Valley and much of Turkestan. The fortunes of the decentralized movement fluctuated throughout the early 1920s but by 1923 the Red Army's extensive campaigns dealt the Basmachis many defeats.
In 1924 Tajikistan became an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union, the Tajik ASSR, within Uzbekistan.
Resistance to Soviet/Russian rule did flare up again to a lesser extent in response to collectivization campaigns in the pre-WWII Era. ===Soviet Rule (1920–1991)=== In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but when national borders were drawn in 1928 (during the administrative delimitation) the ancient Tajik cities of Bukhara and Samarkand were placed outside the Tajikistan SSR.
Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.
Tajik schools were closed and Tajiks were not appointed to leadership positions simply because of their ethnicity. Between 1927 and 1934 collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.
Resistance to Soviet/Russian rule did flare up again to a lesser extent in response to collectivization campaigns in the pre-WWII Era. ===Soviet Rule (1920–1991)=== In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but when national borders were drawn in 1928 (during the administrative delimitation) the ancient Tajik cities of Bukhara and Samarkand were placed outside the Tajikistan SSR.
In 1929 Tajikistan was made one of the component republics of the Soviet Union – Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) – and it kept that status until gaining independence 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It has since experienced three changes in government and the Tajik civil war.
Tajik schools were closed and Tajiks were not appointed to leadership positions simply because of their ethnicity. Between 1927 and 1934 collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.
Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure. Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan.
He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992). Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan.
Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside the country during the Soviet Era.
Soviet Tajikistan (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House) 1954. Masov, Rahim.
Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.
Pan-Turkism & Islam in Russia (Harvard University Press) 1960. History of Tajikistan History of Central Asia
The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) 1964. Rashid, Ahmed.
The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson) 1964. Soucek, Svat.
Soviet Russia and Asia, 1917–1927, a study of Soviet policy towards Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan (London: Joseph for the Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies) 1966. Luknitsky, Pavel.
Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (London: Luzacs & Co) 1968. Becker, Seymour.
Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) 1968. Burton, Audrey.
(Dushanbe: Akademiya Nauk Tadzhikskoy SSR) 1974. Barthold, V.V.
Tauris) 1988. Christian, David.
In 1929 Tajikistan was made one of the component republics of the Soviet Union – Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) – and it kept that status until gaining independence 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It has since experienced three changes in government and the Tajik civil war.
He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992). Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan.
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence. ==Republic of Tajikistan (1991 to present)== The Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was among the last republics of the Soviet Union to declare its independence.
On September 9, 1991, following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Tajikistan declared its independence.
The non-Muslim population, particularly Russians and Jews, fled the country during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1994, and continues to rule to this day.
Between Marx and Muhammad (London:HarperCollins) 1995. Kapur, Harish.
The History of a National Catastrophe (Minneapolis) 1996.
A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997. ==Antiquity (600 BC – 651 AD)== Tajikistan was part of Scythia in Classical Antiquity.
In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties (United Tajik Opposition). Peaceful elections were held in 1999, but they were reported by the opposition as unfair, and Rahmon was re-elected by almost unanimous vote.
The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History, 1550-1702 (London: Curzon Press) 1997. Carrère D’Encausse, Hélène.
A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia (Oxford: Blackwell) 1998. Hiro, Dilip.
In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties (United Tajik Opposition). Peaceful elections were held in 1999, but they were reported by the opposition as unfair, and Rahmon was re-elected by almost unanimous vote.
A History of Inner Asia (Cambridge University Press) 2000. Zenkovsky, Serge A.
Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, American, Indian and French troops have also been stationed in the country. In October 2020, President Emomali Rahmon was re-elected for next seven-year period with 90 per cent of the votes. ==See also== Guzel Maitdinova Dissolution of the Soviet Union History of Central Asia Politics of Tajikistan Soviet Central Asia ==References== ===Footnotes=== ===Sources and further reading=== Asimov, M.S.
Работы по Исторической Географии (Moscow) 2002. Barthold, V.V.
Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (Hyderabad: Orient Longman) 2002. Rawlinson, H.G.
Bactria : The History of a Forgotten Empire (New Delhi: Asian Educational Services) 2002. Wheeler, Geoffrey.
Russian troops were stationed in southern Tajikistan, in order to guard the border with Afghanistan, until summer 2005.
Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, American, Indian and French troops have also been stationed in the country. In October 2020, President Emomali Rahmon was re-elected for next seven-year period with 90 per cent of the votes. ==See also== Guzel Maitdinova Dissolution of the Soviet Union History of Central Asia Politics of Tajikistan Soviet Central Asia ==References== ===Footnotes=== ===Sources and further reading=== Asimov, M.S.
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