The last flotas sailed in 1737; the monopoly port system was abolished shortly thereafter.
The population of Santo Domingo grew from about 6,000 in 1737 to approximately 125,000 in 1790.
In our veins runs the blood of the heroic conquistadores who won this island of ours with sword and blood." When the War of Jenkins' Ear broke out in 1739, Spanish privateers, including those from Santo Domingo, began to patrol the Caribbean Sea, a development that lasted until the end of the eighteenth century.
The population of Santo Domingo grew from about 6,000 in 1737 to approximately 125,000 in 1790.
With the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791, the rich urban families linked to the colonial bureaucracy fled the island, while most of the rural hateros (cattle ranchers) remained, even though they lost their principal market.
Although the population of Spanish Santo Domingo was perhaps one-fourth that of French Saint-Domingue, this did not prevent the Spanish king from launching an invasion of the French side of the island in 1793, attempting to take advantage of the chaos sparked by the French Revolution.
French forces checked Spanish progress toward Port-au-Prince in the south, but the Spanish pushed rapidly through the north, most of which they occupied by 1794.
Santo Domingo became a French colony from 1795 to 1809, and was then part of a unified Hispaniola with Haiti from 1822 until 1844.
The Spanish colony was ceded first to France in 1795 as part of the Treaty of Basel. In 1807 Dominican soldier and landowner Juan Sánchez Ramírez formed a troop of two thousand men from Cuba, Puerto Rico and Britain and traveled to the eastern part of Santo Domingo.
The Spanish colony was ceded first to France in 1795 as part of the Treaty of Basel. In 1807 Dominican soldier and landowner Juan Sánchez Ramírez formed a troop of two thousand men from Cuba, Puerto Rico and Britain and traveled to the eastern part of Santo Domingo.
Ramírez also maintained a frequent correspondence with the General Captain of Puerto Rico, who gave him official support to face the French in Santo Domingo and promised him military and financial aid. In early November 1808, 300 soldiers, sent by Toribio Montes, landed at Boca de Yuma and joined the forces of Sánchez Ramírez.
On December 13, 1808, he returned to the city with his troops.
Santo Domingo became a French colony from 1795 to 1809, and was then part of a unified Hispaniola with Haiti from 1822 until 1844.
Between then and November 7, 1809, he also was leading the British and local armies against French rule in the Battle of Palo Hincado, defeating Ferrand (who reached him when Ramírez was still in El Seibo) and expelling the French who were hiding in the fences of Santo Domingo. The survivors fled to the capital of the colony.
In 1812, a group of blacks and mulattoes staged a rebellion, with the goal of annexation to the Republic of Haiti.
The arrival of the fugitive Simón Bolívar and his followers in Haiti in 1815 alarmed the Spanish authorities in Santo Domingo.
Santo Domingo became a French colony from 1795 to 1809, and was then part of a unified Hispaniola with Haiti from 1822 until 1844.
Having no capacity to resist, Núñez de Cáceres surrendered the capital on February 9, 1822. ==Unification of Hispaniola 1822–1844== The twenty-two-year Haitian occupation that followed is recalled by Dominicans as a period of brutal military rule, though the reality is more complex.
It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated. ==Independence: First Republic 1844–1861== On July 16, 1838, Juan Pablo Duarte together with Pedro Alejandrino Pina, Juan Isidro Pérez, Felipe Alfau, Benito González, Félix María Ruiz, Juan Nepumoceno Ravelo and Jacinto de la Concha founded a secret society called La Trinitaria to win independence from Haiti.
In 1843 they allied with a Haitian movement in overthrowing Boyer.
Santo Domingo became a French colony from 1795 to 1809, and was then part of a unified Hispaniola with Haiti from 1822 until 1844.
In 1844, Dominican independence was proclaimed and the republic, which was often known as Santo Domingo until the early 20th century, maintained its independence except for a brief Spanish occupation from 1861 to 1865 and occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1924. ==Pre-European history== The Taíno people called the island Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains).
It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated. ==Independence: First Republic 1844–1861== On July 16, 1838, Juan Pablo Duarte together with Pedro Alejandrino Pina, Juan Isidro Pérez, Felipe Alfau, Benito González, Félix María Ruiz, Juan Nepumoceno Ravelo and Jacinto de la Concha founded a secret society called La Trinitaria to win independence from Haiti.
In an uprising timed to preempt Báez, on February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios declared independence from Haiti, backed by Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle-rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army of peons who worked on his estates. ===First Republic=== The Dominican Republic's first constitution was adopted on November 6, 1844.
On August 6, 1845, the new Haitian president, Luis Pierrot, launched a new invasion.
On November 27, 1845, Dominican General Francisco Antonio Salcedo defeated the Haitian army at the Battle of Beler.
In 1844, Dominican independence was proclaimed and the republic, which was often known as Santo Domingo until the early 20th century, maintained its independence except for a brief Spanish occupation from 1861 to 1865 and occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1924. ==Pre-European history== The Taíno people called the island Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains).
In 1844, Dominican independence was proclaimed and the republic, which was often known as Santo Domingo until the early 20th century, maintained its independence except for a brief Spanish occupation from 1861 to 1865 and occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1924. ==Pre-European history== The Taíno people called the island Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains).
In 1844, Dominican independence was proclaimed and the republic, which was often known as Santo Domingo until the early 20th century, maintained its independence except for a brief Spanish occupation from 1861 to 1865 and occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1924. ==Pre-European history== The Taíno people called the island Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains).
In 1844, Dominican independence was proclaimed and the republic, which was often known as Santo Domingo until the early 20th century, maintained its independence except for a brief Spanish occupation from 1861 to 1865 and occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1924. ==Pre-European history== The Taíno people called the island Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains).
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