Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he subsequently moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740 and, after the death of Francis I, from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806.
Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he subsequently moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740 and, after the death of Francis I, from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806.
Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree) Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859 Ferdinand IV 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna.
Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree) Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859 Ferdinand IV 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna.
They held onto the southern Catholic part (roughly modern Belgium and Luxembourg) as the Spanish and Austrian Netherlands until they were conquered by French Revolutionary armies in 1795.
Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragança} {Portugal}; Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis. ==== Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line) ==== Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Family Tree) Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.
Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he subsequently moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740 and, after the death of Francis I, from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806.
After Frederick III's coronation, the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial throne almost continuously until 1806. ===Archdukes=== Through the forged document called privilegium maius (1358/59), Duke Rudolf IV (1339–1365) introduced the title of Archduke to place the Habsburgs on a par with the Prince-electors of the Empire, since Emperor Charles IV had omitted to give them the electoral dignity in his Golden Bull of 1356.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium) |} On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis I dissolved the Holy Roman Empire under pressure from Napoleon's reorganization of Germany.
Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree) Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859 Ferdinand IV 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna.
The Dukes named their line the House of Austria-Este, as they were descended from the daughter of the last D'Este Duke of Modena. Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree) Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859 ====Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification.
Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree) Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859 Ferdinand IV 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna.
The Dukes named their line the House of Austria-Este, as they were descended from the daughter of the last D'Este Duke of Modena. Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree) Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859 ====Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification.
Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragança} {Portugal}; Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis. ==== Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line) ==== Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Family Tree) Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.
The Dukes named their line the House of Austria-Este, as they were descended from the daughter of the last D'Este Duke of Modena. Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree) Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859 ====Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification.
Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragança} {Portugal}; Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis. ==== Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line) ==== Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Family Tree) Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.
Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree) Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859 Ferdinand IV 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna.
The Dukes named their line the House of Austria-Este, as they were descended from the daughter of the last D'Este Duke of Modena. Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree) Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859 ====Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification.
Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree) Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859 Ferdinand IV 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna.
Adolph Krabbe, Stuttgart 1860, S.
Georg Szelinski, Wien 1888, S.
It is thought that extensive intra-family marriages within Spanish and Austrian lines contributed to the extinction of the main line. ===House of Habsburg-Lorraine=== {| border="1" style="width:350px; float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:white; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" |+ Austria-Hungary in 1915 |- style="background:#efefef;" | Kingdoms and countries of Austria-Hungary:Cisleithania (Empire of Austria): 1.
This shield, the most frequently used until 1915, was known as the middle shield.
Stephen, with a new version of the medium shield of the Austrian part as depicted above in the section on the mainline of the Emperors of Austria. Before 1915, the arms of the different territories of the Austrian part of the Empire (heraldry was added to some areas not shown in the previous version and to the left to the Hungarian part) appeared together in the shield positioned on the double-headed eagle coat of arms of the Austrian Empire as an inescutcheon.
All this was surrounded by the collar Order of the Golden Fleece. In the heraldic composition of 1915, the shields of the two foci of the empire, Austria and Hungary, were brought together.
Charles I, Emperor of Austria 1916–1918.
Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he subsequently moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740 and, after the death of Francis I, from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806.
This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I. On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I of Austria (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs.
Even though he did not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In 1919, the new republican Austrian government subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens.
Charles made several attempts to regain the throne of Hungary, and in 1921 the Hungarian government passed a law that revoked Charles' rights and dethroned the Habsburgs.
He died in exile in 1922.
The Habsburgs did not formally abandon all hope of returning to power until Otto von Habsburg, the eldest son of Charles I, on 31 May 1961 renounced all claims to the throne. In the interwar period, the House of Habsburg was a vehement opponent of National Socialism and Communism.
(First published by Longmans in 1963.) Evans, Robert J.
Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975). ==External links== "Erzherzog Dr.
Doubleday, 1966. Palmer, Alan.
Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970.
Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975). ==External links== "Erzherzog Dr.
Clarendon Press, 1979. McGuigan, Dorothy Gies.
Clearfield, 1996. Crankshaw, Edward.
Martin's Press, 2001. Rady, Martyn.
A 2019 study found that the degree of mandibular prognasthism in the Habsburg family shows a statistically significant correlation with the degree of inbreeding.
Basic Books, 2020. Wandruszka, Adam.
As of early 2021, the head of the family is Karl von Habsburg. ==Name== The origins of Habsburg Castle's name are uncertain.
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