Michael's grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of wars and reforms.
Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725.
Power then passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress Catherine, who ruled until her death in 1727.
Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, ending the Romanov male line.
Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, Ivan VI, should succeed her.
In 1742, Empress Elizabeth of Russia brought Anna's son, her nephew Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, to St.
The 1944 edition of the Almanach de Gotha records the name of Russia's ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".
The direct male line of the Romanovs ended when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died in 1762, thus the House of Holstein-Gottorp (a cadet branch of the German House of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark) ascended to the throne in the person of Peter III.
In 1762, shortly after the death of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her marriage, overthrew her unpopular husband, with the aid of her lover, Grigory Orlov.
Catherine's son, Paul I, who succeeded his mother in 1796, was particularly proud to be a great-grandson of Peter the Great, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul's natural father was, in fact, her lover Serge Saltykov, rather than her husband, Peter.
Later, Alexander I, responding to the 1820 morganatic marriage of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or sovereign dynasty). ===Age of Autocracy=== Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in 1801.
Later, Alexander I, responding to the 1820 morganatic marriage of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or sovereign dynasty). ===Age of Autocracy=== Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in 1801.
The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas's elder brother, Constantine Pavlovich who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, following his marriage.
In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings. Alexander II was succeeded by his son Alexander III.
Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russia and for military careers, from whom the last branches of the dynasty descended. Alexander II, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the Crimean War.
By developing the army, giving some freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861 he gained much popular support. Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid 1860s.
By developing the army, giving some freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861 he gained much popular support. Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid 1860s.
In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich Nicholas, died suddenly.
Immediately following the death of his wife in 1880 he contracted a morganatic marriage with Dolgoruki.
Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on 13 March 1881 Alexander was assassinated by a hand-made bomb hurled by Ignacy Hryniewiecki.
Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the marriage was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of being the first tsar not known to take mistresses. His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander III's death due to kidney disease at age 49 in November 1894.
The coat-of-arms of the Romanov boyars was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty, and in a 1913 jubilee, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Anniversary of the Romanovs' rule". After the February Revolution of March 1917, a special decree of the Provisional Government of Russia granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov".
When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the army at the front lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an authoritarian approach in government affairs even more than she had done during peacetime.
The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; Рома́новы|Románovy|rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. The Romanovs achieved prominence as boyars of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later of the Tsardom of Russia under the reigning Rurik dynasty, which became extinct upon the death of Tsar Feodor I in 1598.
The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on as a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishing of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the lead-up to the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922.
The coat-of-arms of the Romanov boyars was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty, and in a 1913 jubilee, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Anniversary of the Romanovs' rule". After the February Revolution of March 1917, a special decree of the Provisional Government of Russia granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov".
In 1918 Bolshevik officials executed the ex-Emperor and his family.
Of the House of Romanov's 65 members, 47 survivors went into exile abroad. In 1924 Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the senior surviving male-line descendant of Alexander II of Russia by primogeniture, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia.
The 1944 edition of the Almanach de Gotha records the name of Russia's ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".
Since 1991 the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute (largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts' marriages), especially between the lines of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (born 1953) and of Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov (1922-2014).
Since 1991 the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute (largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts' marriages), especially between the lines of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (born 1953) and of Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov (1922-2014).
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