Worth of the Nantucket whaler Oeno sighted Howland around 1822 and called it Worth Island.
Daniel MacKenzie of the American whaler Minerva Smith was unaware of Worth's sighting when he charted the island in 1828 and named it after his ship's owners on .
Stetson arrived on the Island in 1854 and described it as being occupied by birds and a plague of rats. The American Guano Company established claims in respect to Baker Island and Jarvis Island which were recognised under the U.S.
Black rats were introduced in 1854 and eradicated in 1938 by feral cats introduced the year before.
possession and guano mining=== Howland Island was uninhabited when the United States took possession of it under the Guano Islands Act of 1856.
Guano Islands Act of 1856.
Guano Islands Act of 1856. However, when the United States Guano Company dispatched a vessel of their own in 1859 to mine the guano they found that Howland Island was already occupied by men sent there by the American Guano Company.
Its guano deposits were mined by American companies from about 1857 until October1878, although not without controversy. Captain Geo.
Benson, president of the American Guano Company, which was incorporated in 1857.
Guano Islands Act of 1856. However, when the United States Guano Company dispatched a vessel of their own in 1859 to mine the guano they found that Howland Island was already occupied by men sent there by the American Guano Company.
Arundel and Company, a British firm using laborers from the Cook Islands and Niue, occupied the island from 1886 to 1891. To clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 was issued on . ===Itascatown (1935–42)=== In 1935, colonists from the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project arrived on the island to establish a permanent U.S.
Arundel and Company, a British firm using laborers from the Cook Islands and Niue, occupied the island from 1886 to 1891. To clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 was issued on . ===Itascatown (1935–42)=== In 1935, colonists from the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project arrived on the island to establish a permanent U.S.
Arundel and Company, a British firm using laborers from the Cook Islands and Niue, occupied the island from 1886 to 1891. To clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 was issued on . ===Itascatown (1935–42)=== In 1935, colonists from the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project arrived on the island to establish a permanent U.S.
Howland Island was designated as a scheduled refueling stop for American pilot Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan on their round-the-world flight in 1937.
By 2000, the beacon was reported to be crumbling and it had not been repainted in decades. Ann Pellegreno overflew the island in 1967, and Linda Finch did so in 1997, during memorial circumnavigation flights to commemorate Earhart's 1937 world flight.
Black rats were introduced in 1854 and eradicated in 1938 by feral cats introduced the year before.
A 1942 eyewitness description spoke of "a low grove of dead and decaying kou trees" on a very shallow hill at the island's center.
Honolulu, Hawaii: Tongg Publishing Company, 1942. Butler, Susan.
Howland was occupied by a battalion of the United States Marine Corps in September1943 and was known as Howland Naval Air Station until May1944. All attempts at habitation were abandoned after 1944.
The beacon was partially destroyed early in World War II by Japanese attacks, but was rebuilt in the early 1960s by men from the U.S.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960. Suárez, Thomas.
By 2000, the beacon was reported to be crumbling and it had not been repainted in decades. Ann Pellegreno overflew the island in 1967, and Linda Finch did so in 1997, during memorial circumnavigation flights to commemorate Earhart's 1937 world flight.
Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 1968. Safford, Laurance F.
Hines beached the aircraft and, though it burned, the crew were unharmed, rescued by the (the same ship that later took the USCG's Construction Unit 211 and LORAN Unit 92 to Gardner Island), transferred to a sub chaser and taken to Canton Island. ==National Wildlife Refuge== On June 27, 1974, Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton created Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge which was expanded in 2009 to add submerged lands within of the island.
The cats proved to be destructive to bird species, and the cats were eliminated by 1985.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
By 2000, the beacon was reported to be crumbling and it had not been repainted in decades. Ann Pellegreno overflew the island in 1967, and Linda Finch did so in 1997, during memorial circumnavigation flights to commemorate Earhart's 1937 world flight.
Cambridge, MA: Da Capa Press, 1999.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.
In 2000, a visitor accompanying a scientific expedition reported seeing "a flat bulldozed plain of coral sand, without a single tree" and some traces of buildings from colonisation or World War II building efforts, all wood and stone ruins overgrown by vegetation. Howland is primarily a nesting, roosting and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds and marine wildlife.
By 2000, the beacon was reported to be crumbling and it had not been repainted in decades. Ann Pellegreno overflew the island in 1967, and Linda Finch did so in 1997, during memorial circumnavigation flights to commemorate Earhart's 1937 world flight.
McLean, Virginia: Paladwr Press, 2003.
Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2004.
Hines beached the aircraft and, though it burned, the crew were unharmed, rescued by the (the same ship that later took the USCG's Construction Unit 211 and LORAN Unit 92 to Gardner Island), transferred to a sub chaser and taken to Canton Island. ==National Wildlife Refuge== On June 27, 1974, Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton created Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge which was expanded in 2009 to add submerged lands within of the island.
Retrieved: October 10, 2010. Irwin, Geoffrey.
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