In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe.
The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing, so unlike modern ice dance, skaters tended to keep both feet on the ice most of the time, without the "long and flowing edges associated with graceful figure skating". In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating to Europe.
By the 1880s, it and the Jackson Haines waltz, a variation of the American waltz, were among the most popular ice dances.
The ten-step, which became the fourteen-step, was first skated by Franz Schöller in 1889.
However, figure skating historian James Hines argues that ice dance had its beginnings in hand-in-hand skating, a short-lived but popular discipline of figure skating in England in the 1890s; many of the positions used in modern ice dance can be traced back to hand-in-hand skating.
Also in the 1890s, combined and hand-in-hand skating moved skating away from basic figures to the continuous movement of ice dancers around an ice rink.
It was first skated in Paris in 1894; Hines stated that it was responsible for the popularity of ice dance in Europe.
By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S.
The killian, first skated in 1909 by Austrian Karl Schreiter, was the last ice dance invented before World War I still being done as of the 21st century. ===Early years=== By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S.
The killian, first skated in 1909 by Austrian Karl Schreiter, was the last ice dance invented before World War I still being done as of the 21st century. ===Early years=== By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S.
By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S.
The killian, first skated in 1909 by Austrian Karl Schreiter, was the last ice dance invented before World War I still being done as of the 21st century. ===Early years=== By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S.
Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England. The first national competitions occurred in England, Canada, the U.S., and Austria during the 1930s.
conducted informal dance contests in the ten-step, the fourteen-step, and the killian, which were the only three dances used in competition until the 1930s.
Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England, and new and more difficult set-pattern dances, which later were used in compulsory dances during competitions, were developed.
According to Hines, the development of new ice dances was necessary to expand upon the three dances already developed; three British teams in the 1930s—Erik van der Wyden and Eva Keats, Reginald Wilkie and Daphne B.
By the late 1930s, ice dancers swelled memberships in skating clubs throughout the world, and in Hines' words "became the backbone of skating clubs". The ISU began to develop rules, standards, and international tests for ice dance in the 1950s.
In 1933, the Westminster Skating Club conducted a competition encouraging the creation of new dances.
The first national competitions occurred in England in 1934, Canada in 1935, the U.S.
The first national competitions occurred in England in 1934, Canada in 1935, the U.S.
in 1936, and Austria in 1937.
in 1936, and Austria in 1937.
The first international ice dance competition took place as a special event at the World Championships in 1950 in London.
British ice dance teams dominated the sport throughout the 1950s and 1960s, then Soviet teams up until the 1990s.
By the late 1930s, ice dancers swelled memberships in skating clubs throughout the world, and in Hines' words "became the backbone of skating clubs". The ISU began to develop rules, standards, and international tests for ice dance in the 1950s.
The first international ice dance competition occurred as a special event during the 1950 World Figure Skating Championships in London; Lois Waring and Michael McGean of the U.S.
A second event was planned the following year, at the 1951 World Championships in Milan; Jean Westwood and Lawrence Demmy of Great Britain came in first place.
It joined the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, and became a Winter Olympic Games medal sport in 1976.
Ice dance was formally added to the 1952 World Figure Skating Championships; it became an Olympic sport in 1976.
Ice dance, with the CD and FD segments, was formally added to the World Championships in 1952.
British ice dance teams dominated the sport throughout the 1950s and 1960s, then Soviet teams up until the 1990s.
British teams won every world ice dance title through 1960.
Eva Romanova and Pavel Roman of Czechoslovakia were the first non-British ice dancers to win a world title, in 1962. ===1970s to 1990s=== Ice dance became an Olympic sport in 1976; Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexandr Gorshkov from the Soviet Union were the first gold medalists.
Early in ice dance history, the CD contributed 60% of the total score. The 2010 World Championships was the last event to include a CD (the Golden Waltz); Federica Faiella and Massimo Scali from Italy were the last ice dance team to perform a CD in competition. ====Original dance==== The OD was first added to ice dance competitions in 1967.
The Soviets dominated ice dance during most of the 1970s, as they did in pair skating.
They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982.
Hines asserts that Torvill and Dean, with their innovative choreography, dramatically altered "established concepts of ice dancing". During the 1970s, there was a movement in ice dance away from its ballroom roots to a more theatrical style.
In 1974, the ISU published the first judges' handbook describing what judges needed to look for during ice dance competitions.
It joined the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, and became a Winter Olympic Games medal sport in 1976.
Ice dance was formally added to the 1952 World Figure Skating Championships; it became an Olympic sport in 1976.
Eva Romanova and Pavel Roman of Czechoslovakia were the first non-British ice dancers to win a world title, in 1962. ===1970s to 1990s=== Ice dance became an Olympic sport in 1976; Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexandr Gorshkov from the Soviet Union were the first gold medalists.
They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982.
They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982.
In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an attempt by ice dancers, their coaches, and choreographers to move ice dance away from its ballroom origins to more theatrical performances.
They performed as predictable characters, including body positions that were no longer rooted in traditional ballroom holds, and using music with less predictable rhythms. The ISU pushed back during the 1980s and 1990s by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing, especially in the free dance.
They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982.
In 1984, British dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, who Hines calls "the greatest ice dancers in the history of the sport", briefly interrupted Soviet domination of ice dance by winning a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Sarajevo.
British ice dance teams dominated the sport throughout the 1950s and 1960s, then Soviet teams up until the 1990s.
In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an attempt by ice dancers, their coaches, and choreographers to move ice dance away from its ballroom origins to more theatrical performances.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, ice dance lost much of its integrity as a sport after a series of judging scandals, which also affected the other figure skating disciplines.
Eva Romanova and Pavel Roman of Czechoslovakia were the first non-British ice dancers to win a world title, in 1962. ===1970s to 1990s=== Ice dance became an Olympic sport in 1976; Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexandr Gorshkov from the Soviet Union were the first gold medalists.
They performed as predictable characters, including body positions that were no longer rooted in traditional ballroom holds, and using music with less predictable rhythms. The ISU pushed back during the 1980s and 1990s by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing, especially in the free dance.
A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a controversy at the 2002 Olympics. ===21st century=== The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver by Canadians Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir and Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
It was called the "original set pattern dance" until 1990, when it became known simply as the "original dance".
Figure Skating has speculated limits in the kind of costumes ice dancers chose were pushed farther during the 1990s and early 2000s than in the other disciplines, resulting in stricter rules.
The ISU has allowed vocals in the music used in ice dance since the 1997–1998 season, most likely because of the difficulty in finding suitable music without words for certain genres. ===Clothing=== As for the other disciplines of figure skating, the clothing worn by ice dancers at ISU Championships, the Olympics, and international competitions must be "modest, dignified and appropriate for athletic competition—not garish or theatrical in design".
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, ice dance lost much of its integrity as a sport after a series of judging scandals, which also affected the other figure skating disciplines.
Teams from North America began to dominate the sport starting in the early 2000s. Before the 2010–11 figure skating season, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the compulsory dance (CD), the original dance (OD), and the free dance (FD).
A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a controversy at the 2002 Olympics. ===21st century=== The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver by Canadians Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir and Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Figure Skating has speculated limits in the kind of costumes ice dancers chose were pushed farther during the 1990s and early 2000s than in the other disciplines, resulting in stricter rules.
A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a controversy at the 2002 Olympics. ===21st century=== The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver by Canadians Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir and Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Wallis, and Robert Dench and Rosemarie Stewart—created one-fourth of the dances used in International Skating Union (ISU) competitions by 2006.
The OD remained the second competition segment (sandwiched between the CD and the free dance) until the end of the 2009–2010 season.
Teams from North America began to dominate the sport starting in the early 2000s. Before the 2010–11 figure skating season, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the compulsory dance (CD), the original dance (OD), and the free dance (FD).
In 2010, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new short dance (SD) segment to the competition schedule.
A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a controversy at the 2002 Olympics. ===21st century=== The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver by Canadians Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir and Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Teams with strong skills in communication and conflict resolution, however, tend to produce more successful medalists at national championship events. ==Competition segments== Before the 2010–2011 figure skating season, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the compulsory dance (CD), the original dance (OD), and the free dance (FD).
In 2010, after many years of pressure from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to restructure competitive ice dance to follow the other figure skating disciplines, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new short dance segment to the competition schedule.
This new ice dance competition format was first included in the 2010–2011 season, incorporating just two segments: the short dance (renamed the rhythm dance, or RD in 2018) and the free dance. ===Rhythm dance=== The RD is the first segment performed in all junior and senior ice dance competitions.
junior ice dancers Anastasia Cannuscio and Colin McManus, at the 2010 Junior Grand Prix Courchevel.
For senior ice dancers, the free dance must have a duration of four minutes; for juniors, three-and-one-half minutes. , at the NHK Trophy, Papadakis and Cizeron hold the five highest free dance scores, including the highest free dance score of 136.58points. ===Discontinued segments=== ====Compulsory dance==== Before 2010, the CD was the first segment performed in ice dance competitions.
Early in ice dance history, the CD contributed 60% of the total score. The 2010 World Championships was the last event to include a CD (the Golden Waltz); Federica Faiella and Massimo Scali from Italy were the last ice dance team to perform a CD in competition. ====Original dance==== The OD was first added to ice dance competitions in 1967.
The routine had a two-minute time limit and the OD accounted for 30% of the overall competition score. Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the highest OD score of 70.27 points, achieved at the 2010 World Championships. ==Competition elements== Ice dance has required elements that ice dancers must perform during a competition to make up a well-balanced skating program, including the dance lift, the dance spin, the step sequence, twizzles, and choreographic elements.
then began to dominate international competitions in ice dance; at the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, Davis and White won the Olympic gold medal.
In 2018, the ISU voted to rename the short dance to the rhythm dance (RD).
In 2018, at the Olympics in PyeongChang, Virtue and Moir became the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history after winning the gold medal there. According to Caroline Silby, a consultant with U.S.
This new ice dance competition format was first included in the 2010–2011 season, incorporating just two segments: the short dance (renamed the rhythm dance, or RD in 2018) and the free dance. ===Rhythm dance=== The RD is the first segment performed in all junior and senior ice dance competitions.
. "Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2018".
(S&P/ID 2018) International Skating Union.
Retrieved 18 October 2019. Figure skating disciplines Mixed-sex sports
According to Newcomer, by the time skaters get to a national or world championship, they have received enough feedback about their costumes and are no longer willing to risk losing points. == Footnotes == ==References== ==Works cited== "The 2020 Official U.S.
Retrieved 8 January 2020. "Communication No.
Retrieved 10 January 2020. Hines, James R.
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