Founded in Sweden in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA has been the world's largest furniture retailer since 2008.
The group is responsible for approximately 1% of world commercial-product wood consumption, making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector. ==History== In 1943, Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA as a mail-order sales business, and began to sell furniture five years later.
The archives showed Kamprad had attended a number of meetings and had befriended a leading extremist, Per Engdahl, starting in 1945 and extending well into the 1950s.
The archives showed Kamprad had attended a number of meetings and had befriended a leading extremist, Per Engdahl, starting in 1945 and extending well into the 1950s.
The newspaper printed more details, including the text of a 1950 note from Kamprad to Engdahl in which Kamprad said he was proud to be involved with the groups.
Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein, called Interogo, which has amassed $12 billion (£18 billion), and is controlled by the Kamprad family. ==Marketing== ===Catalogue=== IKEA used to publish an annual catalogue, first published in Swedish in 1951.
The first store was opened in Älmhult, Småland, in 1958, under the name Möbel-IKÉA (Möbel means "furniture" in Swedish).
The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974). In 1973, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz instead of Koblenz.
The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974). In 1973, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz instead of Koblenz.
The IKEA entered the Japan market in 1974 through a franchise arrangement with a local partner, only to withdraw in failure in 1986.
IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984), the United States (1985), the United Kingdom (1987), and Italy (1989).
In 2020, Ikea was noted by Supply Chain magazine as having one of the most automated warehouse systems in the world. ==Labour practices== During the 1980s, IKEA kept its costs down by using production facilities in East Germany.
The head of risk management at IKEA feared his employees were anti-globalists or potential ecoterrorists. ==Environmental performance== After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992, IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures.
The IKEA entered the Japan market in 1974 through a franchise arrangement with a local partner, only to withdraw in failure in 1986.
There were three other deaths, from 1989, from other, similar appliance models tipping over and 14 incidents of Malm chests tipping over, resulting in four injuries.
Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early 1990s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with , or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan).
In 1990, IKEA invited Karl-Henrik Robèrt, founder of the Natural Step, to address its board of directors.
In 1990, IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan.
The head of risk management at IKEA feared his employees were anti-globalists or potential ecoterrorists. ==Environmental performance== After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992, IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures.
This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992.
In December 2020, IKEA announced that they would cease publication of both the print and digital versions of the catalogue, with the 2021 edition (released in 2020) being the final edition. ===Advertising=== In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores.
The IKEA product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska.
IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), energy-saving bulbs, and batteries. In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe. In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a €50 million venture capital fund.
The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems. Inter IKEA Systems collected €631 million of franchise fees in 2004 but reported pre-tax profits of only €225 million in 2004.
Holding made a profit of €328 million in 2004. In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I.
A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012. IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine.
Archaeologists from the Nanjing Museum asked whether the building company could halt work while they collect artifacts, but they did not receive the necessary permission. In 2004, there was controversy about an Irish law restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to .
A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012. IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine.
A new format for a full-size, city center store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester (United Kingdom) store, situated in Ashton-under-Lyne in 2006.
So prior to re-entering the Japanese market in 2006, IKEA management did extensive local market research in more effective store layouts.
It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. In 2012, IKEA in France was accused by the independent newspaper Le Canard enchaîné and the investigative website Mediapart of spying on its employees and clients by illegally accessing French police records.
Another store, in Coventry opened in December 2007.
In 2007, the organisation nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye "awards", which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. In February 2016, the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA: Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries.
The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007.
(At the College Park, Maryland store in the United States, there is an interactive digital display which tells the history of a tavern which used to exist where the store is currently located.) In 2007, about ten ancient tombs were destroyed while IKEA built a store in Nanjing, southeastern China.
IKEA Dublin has since opened on 27 July 2009. In June 2007 the designated nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA Belfast that included both the Union Flag and the Ulster Banner flag as two of the three flags in front of the store.
The IKEA director was pleased to meet with the "Spanish mafia". ===Price discrimination === In 2007, CityNews in Canada reported that IKEA had been charging up to twice as much in their Canadian stores as for the same items sold in their American stores, despite the Canadian dollar having temporarily reached parity with the U.S.
Founded in Sweden in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA has been the world's largest furniture retailer since 2008.
The company said it would test the rental concept in all 30 markets by 2020, expecting it to increase the number of times a piece of furniture would be used before recycling. ===Other ventures=== IKEA owns and operates the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia. On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched a virtual mobile phone network called IKEA Family Mobile, which ran on T-Mobile.
It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. In 2012, IKEA in France was accused by the independent newspaper Le Canard enchaîné and the investigative website Mediapart of spying on its employees and clients by illegally accessing French police records.
IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), energy-saving bulbs, and batteries. In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe. In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a €50 million venture capital fund.
BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis's website for a period of 1 year. In 2008, IKEA paired up with the makers of video game The Sims 2 to make a stuff pack called IKEA Home Stuff, featuring many IKEA products.
It was released on 24 June 2008 in North America and 26 June 2008 in Europe.
It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff. IKEA took over the title sponsorship of Philadelphia's annual Thanksgiving Day parade in 2008, replacing Boscov's, which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008. In November 2008, a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in Novosibirsk, Russia.
The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, carried passengers until 6 June 2009. In 2008–2009, Oyster cards (the ticket-free system for the London Underground) were issued with IKEA-branded wallets.
In addition, the firm is known for its attention to cost control, operational details, and continuous product development that has allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent. The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure, which members of the European Parliament have alleged was designed to avoid over €1 billion in tax payments over the 20092014 period.
IKEA's Southampton store which opened in February 2009 is also in the city center and built-in an urban style similar to the Coventry store.
The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, carried passengers until 6 June 2009. In 2008–2009, Oyster cards (the ticket-free system for the London Underground) were issued with IKEA-branded wallets.
IKEA also sponsored the tube map. In January 2009, just before the new store opened in Southampton, of Red Funnel was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton.
IKEA Dublin has since opened on 27 July 2009. In June 2007 the designated nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA Belfast that included both the Union Flag and the Ulster Banner flag as two of the three flags in front of the store.
The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
It was repainted with Red Funnel's red and white livery when the deal ended in January 2010. In March 2010, IKEA developed an event in four important Métro stations in Paris, in which furniture collections are displayed in high-traffic spots, giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand's products.
The Métro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors. In September 2010, IKEA launched an advertisement for the UK and Ireland called "Happy Inside", which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in Wembley, London. In April 2011, an advertising campaign was launched.
The acquisition comes with the agreement “to protect the land from fragmentation, restore the longleaf pine forest, and safe-guard the habitat of the gopher tortoise.” On 17 February 2011, IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County, Sweden, furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations.
, 17 United States IKEA stores are powered by solar panels, with 22 additional installations in progress, and IKEA owns the 165 MW Cameron Wind farm in Cameron County on the South Texas coast and a 42 MW coastal wind farm in Finland. In 2011, the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of pallets.
The Métro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors. In September 2010, IKEA launched an advertisement for the UK and Ireland called "Happy Inside", which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in Wembley, London. In April 2011, an advertising campaign was launched.
In November 2012, IKEA admitted being aware at the time of the possibility of use of forced labor and failing to exercise sufficient control to identify and avoid it.
A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012. IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine.
It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. In 2012, IKEA in France was accused by the independent newspaper Le Canard enchaîné and the investigative website Mediapart of spying on its employees and clients by illegally accessing French police records.
Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries, and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products. According to IKEA's 2012 "Sustainability Report", 23% of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council, and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017.
The IKEA sustainability strategy – People & Planet Positive – also launched in 2012 with ambitious goals to transform the IKEA business, the industries in the IKEA value chain and life at home for people across the world.
The researcher, Klaus Kjøller, accused IKEA of cultural imperialism. In October 2012, IKEA was criticized for airbrushing women out of pictures in catalogues which were used in Saudi Arabia. In October 2017, a TV commercial by IKEA showing a mother scolding her daughter for not "bringing home a boyfriend" was criticized by netizens for "sexist" and discrimination against singles and single women in China.
Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Ashton-under-Lyne, Leeds, Gateshead, Warrington and Liverpool. ==== Solar PV systems ==== At the end of September 2013, the company announced that solar panel packages, so-called "residential kits", for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014.
In 2016, the INGKA Holding sold its design, manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to Inter IKEA Holding. In June 2013, Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company.
Most IKEA suppliers fulfill the law today with exceptions for some special issues, one being excessive working hours in Asia, in countries such as China and India. Since March 2013, IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers, but offers reusable bags for sale.
The system has been marketed to other companies, and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product. IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013.
IKEA apologized for "giving the wrong perception". ===Horsemeat meatballs=== In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product.
The company removed the Swedish meatballs from store shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet uncovered what happened.
In a March 2013 media report, an IKEA representative stated that the corporation had made Familjen Dafgård, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with 8 of its 15 suppliers and would reduce the number of purchasing countries.
By the end of 2014, IKEA began to sell Solibro's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.
On 24 November 2014, Jang Duck-jin, head of the Fair Trade Commission's consumer policy bureau, told the media that the commission was planning to commission a consumer group to compare IKEA's product prices by country, and on 19 March 2015, the Consumers Union of Korea published a report comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries.
in February and June 2014 when the furniture pieces tipped over on them.
All IKEA stores are operated under franchise from Inter IKEA Systems B.V., most of which are operated by IKEA Group, some of them are operated by other independent owners. The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and there were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016.
In addition to tailoring store sizes for specific countries, IKEA also alters the sizes of their products in order to accommodate cultural differences. In 2015, IKEA announced that it would be attempting a smaller store design at several locations in Canada.
In November 2015, IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom.
On 24 November 2014, Jang Duck-jin, head of the Fair Trade Commission's consumer policy bureau, told the media that the commission was planning to commission a consumer group to compare IKEA's product prices by country, and on 19 March 2015, the Consumers Union of Korea published a report comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries.
The offending meat was traced to a Polish abattoir. ===Child deaths=== In July 2015, IKEA, with the U.S.
All IKEA stores are operated under franchise from Inter IKEA Systems B.V., most of which are operated by IKEA Group, some of them are operated by other independent owners. The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and there were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016.
Notable examples for English include the "Jerker" computer desk (discontinued several years ago ), "Fukta" plant spray, "Fartfull" workbench, and "Lyckhem" (meaning bliss). The IKEA and LEGO brands teamed up to create a range of simple storage solutions for children and adults. ===Smart home=== In 2016, IKEA started a move into the smart home business.
In November 2015, IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom.
In 2016, the INGKA Holding sold its design, manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to Inter IKEA Holding. In June 2013, Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company.
By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years." After the 2016 company restructure, Inter IKEA Holding SA no longer exists, having reincorporated in the Netherlands.
In 2007, the organisation nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye "awards", which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. In February 2016, the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA: Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries.
The effort will include Nissan and Ecotricity and promise to deliver an 80% charge in 30 minutes. From 2016 they have only sold energy-efficient LED lightbulbs, lamps and light fixtures.
At its peak in 2016, 200 million copies of the catalogue were distributed in 32 languages to more than 50 markets.
Meanwhile, online display banners will allow other users the opportunity to vote, with online advertisements promoting IKEA products demonstrating the problems confronting people, and offering solutions. In 2016, in conjunction with Stockholm ad agency Åkestam Holst, IKEA released the "Where Life Happens" video campaign.
In June 2016, after a third toddler died in the U.S., IKEA recalled all Malm dressers as well as several similar models which posed a tipping danger if not secured to the wall with the supplied kit.
On 12 July 2016, bowing to two weeks of rising pressure in China, IKEA announced that it was extending this recall to that country, which – along with Europe – was initially excluded from the recall.
The wireless charging furniture, integrating wireless Qi charging into everyday furniture, is another strategy for the smart home business. A collaboration to build Sonos' smart speaker technology into furniture sold by IKEA was announced in December 2017.
Research in April 2019 provided no indication that the hotel had been completed as of that time. In September 2017, IKEA announced they would be acquiring San Francisco-based TaskRabbit.
Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries, and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products. According to IKEA's 2012 "Sustainability Report", 23% of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council, and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017.
The campaign won an Epica gold award in Amsterdam. In September 2017, IKEA launched the "IKEA Human Catalogue" campaign, in which memory champion Yanjaa Wintersoul memorized all 328 pages of the catalogue in minute detail in just a week before its launch.
It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000. === IKEA Place app === On 12 September 2017, IKEA announced the augmented reality app, IKEA Place, following by Apple's release of its ARkit technology and iOS 11.
The researcher, Klaus Kjøller, accused IKEA of cultural imperialism. In October 2012, IKEA was criticized for airbrushing women out of pictures in catalogues which were used in Saudi Arabia. In October 2017, a TV commercial by IKEA showing a mother scolding her daughter for not "bringing home a boyfriend" was criticized by netizens for "sexist" and discrimination against singles and single women in China.
IKEA has denied complicity in Scandinavica but has begun an internal investigation to learn more. ===Possible illegal timber in Romania=== In 2017 a team of French journalists made discoveries of 200-year-old trees being made into particle board in their sub-supplier Kronospan's factory in Sebeș, Romania.
However, they are both controlled by the Kamprad family and close associates of the family. , there are 378 IKEA stores operating in 30 countries and in fiscal year 2018, €38.8 billion (US$44.6 billion) worth of IKEA goods were sold.
As of 30 April 2018, however, the company owned only a single hotel, the IKEA Hotell in Älmhult, Sweden, but was planning to open another one, in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, after converting the historic Pirelli Building.
The company received approval for the concept from the city's planning commission in mid-November 2018; the building was to include 165 rooms and the property would offer 129 dedicated parking spaces.
The advertising campaign was hugely successful winning numerous industry awards including the Webby award 2018 for best social media campaign, an Ogilvy award and is currently a contender for the Cannes Lions 2018. In 2018, Evelina Rönnung and Hugo Wallmo were honoured for their work with Åkestam Holst on "Where Life Happens".
For example, one store design alternative trend that IKEA has implemented has been 'pop-up' stores along social media platforms in their advertising strategy for the first-time as a company to reach new customers demographics while still reinforcing its global brand locally in China. In 2019, IKEA replaced a standalone Giant hypermarket in Sentul City, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
The first products resulting from the collaboration have launched in August 2019. Under the product name SYMFONISK, IKEA and Sonos have made two distinct wireless speakers that integrate with existing Sonos households or can be used to start with the Sonos-ecosystem, one that's also a lamp and another that's a more traditional looking bookshelf speaker.
The deal would allow customers to be able to order panels online and at three stores before being expanded to all United Kingdom stores by the end of summer. ==== Furniture rental ==== In April 2019, the company announced that it would begin test marketing a new concept, renting furniture to customers.
Research in April 2019 provided no indication that the hotel had been completed as of that time. In September 2017, IKEA announced they would be acquiring San Francisco-based TaskRabbit.
LED lightbulbs use as little as 15% of the power of a regular incandescent light bulb. , IKEA has signed on with 25 other companies to participate in the British Retail Consortium's Better Retail Better World initiative, which challenges companies to meet objectives outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In September 2019, IKEA announced that they would be investing $2.8 billion in renewable energy infrastructure.
IKEA has settled wrongful death lawsuits for over $50 million in compensation to the families of the three children who were killed. ===Claims of ideological and religious discrimination=== In 2019, a Polish IKEA employee got fired for posting homophobic quotes from Old and New Testament on the company intranet.
Since August 2020, IKEA provides plant-based meatballs in all of the European stores, made from potatoes, apples, pea protein, and oats. ===Småland=== Every store has a kids play area, named Småland (Swedish for small lands; it is also the |Swedish province of Småland where founder Kamprad was born).
The store has seven floors and a different flow from other IKEA stores, however it closed down in 2020 due to the site being deemed unsuitable for future business.
The company said it would test the rental concept in all 30 markets by 2020, expecting it to increase the number of times a piece of furniture would be used before recycling. ===Other ventures=== IKEA owns and operates the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia. On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched a virtual mobile phone network called IKEA Family Mobile, which ran on T-Mobile.
The deal, completed later that year, has TaskRabbit operating as an independent company. In March 2020, IKEA announced that it had partnered with Pizza Hut Hong Kong on a joint venture.
IKEA opened its second store in Navi Mumbai on December 18, 2020.
In 2020, Ikea was noted by Supply Chain magazine as having one of the most automated warehouse systems in the world. ==Labour practices== During the 1980s, IKEA kept its costs down by using production facilities in East Germany.
In December 2020, IKEA announced that they would cease publication of both the print and digital versions of the catalogue, with the 2021 edition (released in 2020) being the final edition. ===Advertising=== In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores.
The work by Mercene Labs went on to have other uses in the medical field. In 2020, IKEA conducted a "Buy Back Friday" campaign with a message to present a new life to old furniture instead of offering customers to buy new items for Black Friday. ===IKEA Family=== In common with some other retailers, IKEA launched a loyalty card called "IKEA Family".
IKEA has announced that the opening of a store in Pasay, Philippines by the third or fourth quarter of 2021 is on track.
Once opened, it will be the largest IKEA store in the world. In April 2021, IKEA opened its first store in Mexico in Mexico City. ==Store design== ===Layout=== Older IKEA stores are usually blue buildings with yellow accents (also Sweden's national colours).
As Giant withdraws its presence from Indonesia in July 2021, five Giant hypermarket stores are chosen to be converted into the similar concept of IKEA. ==Products and services== ===Furniture and homeware=== Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer.
On 14 January 2021, Ikea announced that Ingka Investments had acquired approximately 10,840 acres (4,386 hectares) near the Altamaha River Basin in Georgia from The Conservation Fund.
In December 2020, IKEA announced that they would cease publication of both the print and digital versions of the catalogue, with the 2021 edition (released in 2020) being the final edition. ===Advertising=== In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores.
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