Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.
The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.
Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port.
Some major private universities in Jakarta are Trisakti University, The Christian University of Indonesia, Mercu Buana University, Tarumanagara University, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pelita Harapan University, Bina Nusantara University, Jayabaya University, and Pancasila University. STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen, now Universitas Indonesia) was the first high school in Jakarta, established in 1851.
Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port.
The elite suburb Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating an ideal and healthy housing for the middle class.
The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.
By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favor of rationalism and modernism, particularly art deco architecture.
By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. On 5 March 1942, the Japanese wrested Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (, under the special status that was assigned to the city).
The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000.
By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. On 5 March 1942, the Japanese wrested Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (, under the special status that was assigned to the city).
The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. === Independence era === After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month.
After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognized until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949.
During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta. After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.
Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960, when its official status was changed to a province with special capital region distinction.
The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor.
In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium.
It has more buildings taller than 150 meters than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities. === Landmarks === Most landmarks, monuments and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period.
The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the 1962 Asian Games.
However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship. Jakarta has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.
The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.
Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.
With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games, Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture.
It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta. Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta. Tebet Honda Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Taman Langsat and Taman Ayodya in South Jakarta == Sports == Jakarta hosted the 1962 Asian Games and the 2018 Asian Games, co-hosted by Palembang.
The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the 1962 Asian Games.
In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.
5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.
Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools.
The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the park was used as a bus terminal.
5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.
Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools.
Jakarta also hosted the Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang).
Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the park was used as a bus terminal.
Jakarta also hosted the Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang).
On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square.
In 1993, the park was again turned into a public space.
Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to a height of and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolizes stereoscopy. The urban construction booms continued in the 21st century.
The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the center of violence, protest and political maneuvering. After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane.
Jakarta also hosted the Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang).
Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.
The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing and flood control systems. === Water supply === Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998.
The water supply was privatized by President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International.
According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterwards.
Jemaah Islamiah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009.
The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000.
As of 2017, the city is home to six Forbes Global 2000, two Fortune 500 and four Unicorn companies.
Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta. The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.
Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square.
According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterwards.
Jemaah Islamiah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009.
In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments. According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in its western half of the concession.
However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005, while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.
In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralization program that allows direct local elections in several areas.
In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of Jakarta inhabitants was 11.6% compared to the previous year.
Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta. The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.
Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, the biggest in the city with a capacity of 77,193 seats, hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball hall, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis courts.
Jemaah Islamiah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009.
The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates.
The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010.
The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010 and 101.3 in 2014. === Ethnicity === Jakarta is a pluralistic and religiously diverse city.
As of the 2010 Census, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese, 28.29% Betawi, 14.61% Sundanese, 6.62% Chinese, 3.42% Batak, 2.85% Minangkabau, 0.96% Malays, Indo and others 7.08%. The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia who became recognized as an ethnic group around the 18th–19th century.
According to the 2010 Census, roughly 346,000 Batak, 305,000 Minangkabau and 155,000 Malays lived in the city.
The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes, as the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010.
17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011. The popular heritage tourism attractions are in Kota and around Merdeka square.
However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005, while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.
There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at the Proclamation Monument at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. === Parks and lakes === In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%.
Jakarta also hosted the Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang).
In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp.
In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen.
Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons. === Shopping === As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.
It was established in 2013 to promote Jakarta sports tourism.
It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to the national upper house parliament. The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with a goal for smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps. === Municipal finances === The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income.
In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in the city.
As per 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at ten million, with a population density of 15,174 people/km2.
In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.
The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010 and 101.3 in 2014. === Ethnicity === Jakarta is a pluralistic and religiously diverse city.
Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta. The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.
Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons. === Shopping === As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.
In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a universal health care system called the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN).
As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area. Merdeka Square (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km2 field housing the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument).
According to the Japan Center for Economic Research, GRP per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.
In 2015, GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 194.87 million (US$14,570).
Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta. The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.
Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons. === Shopping === As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.
In the 2015 edition, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries participated. == Education == Jakarta is home to colleges and universities.
Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$483.8 billion in 2016, which is about 17.5% of Indonesia's.
In 2017, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$483.4 billion. Jakarta's primary challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding.
Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. === Administrative divisions === Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency).
It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. === Religion === In 2017, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over Islam (83.43%), Protestantism (8.63%), Catholicism (4.0%), Buddhism (3.74%), Hinduism (0.19%), and Confucianism (0.01%).
As of 2017, the city is home to six Forbes Global 2000, two Fortune 500 and four Unicorn companies.
In 2017, the economic growth was 6.22%.
Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.
Special markets sell antique goods at Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market. === Tourism === Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site Instagram, it is not a top international tourist destination.
The World Travel and Tourism Council also listed Jakarta as among the top ten fastest-growing tourism cities in the world in 2017 and categorized it as an emerging performer, which will see a significant increase in tourist arrivals in less than ten years.
Kota Tua was named the most-visited destination in Indonesia in 2017 by Instagram.
As of 2017, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water. === Healthcare === Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public healthcare facilities.
It formally opened on 22 February 2017.
The BritAma Arena serves as a playground for Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta, the 2017 runner-up of the Indonesian Basketball League.
Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. === Administrative divisions === Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency).
Google and Alibaba has regional cloud centers in Jakarta. As of 2018, Jakarta contributes about 17% of Indonesia's GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product).
It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta. Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta. Tebet Honda Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Taman Langsat and Taman Ayodya in South Jakarta == Sports == Jakarta hosted the 1962 Asian Games and the 2018 Asian Games, co-hosted by Palembang.
Jakarta International Velodrome is a sporting facility located at Rawamangun, which was used as a venue for the 2018 Asian Games.
Jakarta International Equestrian Park is an equestrian sports venue located at Pulomas, which was also used as a venue for 2018 Asian Games. The Jakarta Car-Free Days are held weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 AM to 11 AM.
In August 2019, as a result of these challenges, President Joko Widodo announced that the capital of Indonesia would be moved from Jakarta to the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. == Etymology == Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements.
Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. === Administrative divisions === Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency).
According to Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking of 2019, Jakarta ranked at 57th among 100 most visited cities of the world. Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists.
It is expected that the entire population will be covered in 2019. Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded.
There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.
Jakarta ranked at 21 in the list of Cities Of Economic Influence Index in 2020 by CEOWORLD magazine.
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