James Ephraim Lovelock (born 26 July 1919) is an English independent scientist, environmentalist and futurist.
He later abandoned his conscientious objection in the light of Nazi atrocities, and tried to enlist in the armed forces, but was told that his medical research was too valuable for the enlistment to be approved. In 1948, Lovelock received a PhD degree in medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
However, he does not claim to have been the first person to have the idea of using microwaves for cooking. === CFCs === After the development of his electron capture detector, in the late 1960s, Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.
Evelyn Hutchinson, Lovelock first formulated the Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s resulting from his work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars and his work with Royal Dutch Shell.
It was while working as a consultant for NASA that Lovelock developed the Gaia hypothesis, for which he is most widely known. In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces.
He has written several environmental science books based upon the Gaia hypothesis since the late 1970s. == Early life and education == James Lovelock was born in Letchworth Garden City to Tom Arthur Lovelock (1873–1957) and his second wife Nellie Annie Elizabeth née March (1887–1980).
The Viking program, which visited Mars in the late 1970s, was motivated in part to determine whether Mars supported life, and many of the sensors and experiments that were ultimately deployed aimed to resolve this issue.
He found a concentration of 60 parts per trillion of CFC-11 over Ireland and, in a partially self-funded research expedition in 1972, went on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research vessel RRS Shackleton.
Warren developed the CLAW hypothesis as a possible example of biological control of the Earth's climate. Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974.
After hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's results, they embarked on research that resulted in the first published paper that suggested a link between stratospheric CFCs and ozone depletion in 1974 (for which Sherwood and Molina later shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul Crutzen). === Gaia hypothesis === Drawing from the research of Alfred C.
These (and other) critics have questioned how natural selection operating on individual organisms can lead to the evolution of planetary-scale [book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Dawkins | title = The Extended Phenotype The Long Reach of the Gene | orig-year = 1982 | year = 1999 | publisher =
After hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's results, they embarked on research that resulted in the first published paper that suggested a link between stratospheric CFCs and ozone depletion in 1974 (for which Sherwood and Molina later shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul Crutzen). === Gaia hypothesis === Drawing from the research of Alfred C.
These (and other) critics have questioned how natural selection operating on individual organisms can lead to the evolution of planetary-scale [book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Dawkins | title = The Extended Phenotype The Long Reach of the Gene | orig-year = 1982 | year = 1999 | publisher =
While designing scientific instruments for NASA, he developed the Gaia hypothesis. In the 2000s, he proposed a method of climate engineering to restore carbon dioxide-consuming algae.
Further experiments to search for life on Mars have been carried out by further space probes, for instance by NASA'S Curiosity Rover which landed in 2012. Lovelock had invented the electron capture detector, which ultimately assisted in discoveries about the persistence of CFCs and their role in stratospheric ozone depletion.
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