On 6 January 1781, a French invasion force of 2,000 men set out to take over the island, but only half of the force arrived and landed.
Due to French tourism, many places accept the euro. In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated Bitcoin fund, at a time when the digital currency was being accepted by some local businesses. ==Demography== Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821.
There are a number of statuses: ==== History of immigration ==== Historical large-scale immigration was facilitated by the introduction of steamships (from 1823).
By 1840, up to 5,000 English people, mostly [officers and their families, had settled in Jersey.
In the aftermath of 1848, Polish, Russian,
The highest temperature recorded was 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) on 9 August 2003 and again on 23 July 2019, and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C (13.5 °F) on 5 January 1894.
Jersey was occupied by Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.
After 1944, supplies from mainland France were interrupted by the D-Day landings, and food on the island became scarce.
Jersey was occupied by Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.
Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English. The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
In the 21st century, diversification of agriculture and amendments in planning strategy have led to farm shops replacing many of the roadside stalls. Jersey along with Guernsey has its own lottery called the Channel Islands Lottery that was launched in 1975. On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status. ===Taxation=== Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction.
The plateau is cut by valleys running generally north–south. The following table contains the official Jersey Airport averages for 1981–2010 for Jersey, being located from St.
For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however United Kingdom immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent. The definition of "United Kingdom" in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK and the Islands together.
The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020.
The highest temperature recorded was 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) on 9 August 2003 and again on 23 July 2019, and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C (13.5 °F) on 5 January 1894.
By comparison, higher temperatures are found in mainland United Kingdom, which achieved 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) in Faversham, Kent on 10 August 2003.
Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally, with just 33% of the electorate voting in 2005, putting it well below the 77% European average for that year.
In the 21st century, diversification of agriculture and amendments in planning strategy have led to farm shops replacing many of the roadside stalls. Jersey along with Guernsey has its own lottery called the Channel Islands Lottery that was launched in 1975. On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status. ===Taxation=== Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction.
In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey. Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown.
Taxes are levied on properties (known as 'rates') and a Personal Income Tax, Corporate Income Tax and goods and services tax exist. Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT).
Gross national income in 2009 was £3.7 billion (approximately £40,000 per head of population).
The majority of visitors to the island arrive by air from the UK. In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).
Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce; agriculture's share of GVA increased 5% in 2009, a fifth successive year of growth.
The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.
Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6 million in 2009.
It includes 49 elected members: 8 senators (elected on an island-wide basis), 12 Connétables (often called 'constables', heads of parishes) and 29 deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four-year terms as from the October 2011 elections.
In the 2011 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 97,857, of whom 34% live in Saint Helier, the island's only town.
It is based on financial services (40% of GVA in 2012), tourism and hospitality (hotels, restaurants, bars, transport and communications totalling 8.4% of GVA in 2012), retail and wholesale (7% of GVA in 2012), construction (6.2% of GVA in 2012) and agriculture (1.3% of GVA in 2012).
This loophole was closed by UK authorities in 2012, leading to the closure of most of industry. There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST.
Due to French tourism, many places accept the euro. In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated Bitcoin fund, at a time when the digital currency was being accepted by some local businesses. ==Demography== Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821.
Jersey has a road network consisting of 557 km of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016. There are no longer any railways on the island, however there used to be two main railway lines, the Jersey Western Railway and the Jersey Eastern Railway.
The Queen's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey – Sir Stephen Dalton since 13 March 2017.
The majority of visitors to the island arrive by air from the UK. In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).
The highest temperature recorded was 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) on 9 August 2003 and again on 23 July 2019, and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C (13.5 °F) on 5 January 1894.
Helier. ==Economy== Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a GDP per capita of £45,320 in 2019.
Hospitality (hotels, restaurants and bars) made up 4.2% of Jersey's GVA in 2019.
The island was previously on the EU tax haven blacklist, but since March 2019, it no longer features.
Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020, Jersey had a special relationship with the EU.
It was part of the EU customs union and there was free movement of goods between Jersey and the EU but the single market in financial services and free movement of people did not apply to Jersey. In May 2021, France threatened to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in a fight over post-Brexit fishing rights. === COVID-19 pandemic === Since 10 March 2020, Jersey has been and continues to be affected by the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic.
At first, the strategy simply involved increased health and hygiene guidance, but the rising number of cases led to Jersey going into a lockdown on 30 March 2020.
From November, the island underwent a 'second wave' of infections, so the Government introduced a number of new restrictions such as a mask mandate and business closures. As of April 2021, Jersey is undergoing a phased exit from all COVID-19 restrictions which have been in place since March 2020.
The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020.
In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee Paul Tang criticised the list for not including "renowned tax havens" such as Jersey. In 2020, Tax Justice ranked Jersey as the 16th on the Financial Secrecy Index, below larger countries such as the UK, however still placing at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy'.
In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021 with an haven score (a measure of the jurisidction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100, however only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking. === Transport === The primary mode of transport on the island is the motor vehicle.
9 May is celebrated as the island's Liberation Day, where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. Escalation in a fishing-rights dispute between the Jersey government and French fishers led to an international dispute in May 2021.
Since 1 January 2021, Jersey has been part of the UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement for the purposes of goods and fishing.
The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities, with the French threatening to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in May 2021.
It was part of the EU customs union and there was free movement of goods between Jersey and the EU but the single market in financial services and free movement of people did not apply to Jersey. In May 2021, France threatened to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in a fight over post-Brexit fishing rights. === COVID-19 pandemic === Since 10 March 2020, Jersey has been and continues to be affected by the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic.
From November, the island underwent a 'second wave' of infections, so the Government introduced a number of new restrictions such as a mask mandate and business closures. As of April 2021, Jersey is undergoing a phased exit from all COVID-19 restrictions which have been in place since March 2020.
In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee Paul Tang criticised the list for not including "renowned tax havens" such as Jersey. In 2020, Tax Justice ranked Jersey as the 16th on the Financial Secrecy Index, below larger countries such as the UK, however still placing at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy'.
In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021 with an haven score (a measure of the jurisidction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100, however only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking. === Transport === The primary mode of transport on the island is the motor vehicle.
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