John James Rickard Macleod (6 September 1876 – 16 March 1935) was a British biochemist and physiologist.
He obtained a PhD in medicine in 1898 and then spent a year studying biochemistry at the University of Leipzig, Germany, on a travelling scholarship.
His first academic article was a paper on phosphorus content in muscles published in 1899.
After returning to Britain, he became a demonstrator at the London Hospital Medical School, where in 1902 he was appointed lecturer in biochemistry.
Around that time he published his first research article, a paper on phosphorus content in muscles. In 1903, Macleod emigrated to the United States and became a lecturer in physiology at the Western Reserve University (today's Case Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained for 15 years, and this was the period when he developed an interest in carbohydrate metabolism that was to last for the rest of his career.
In 1905 he became interested in carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes, publishing a series of scientific papers and several monographs on the subject from then on.
Hill, 1905) Diabetes: its Pathological Physiology (1913) Physiology for dental students (with R.G.
In 1910, he delivered a lecture on various forms of experimental diabetes and their significance for diabetes mellitus at the joint meeting of the section on Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the section on Pathology and Physiology of the American Medical Association.
Pearce, 1915) Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine (1st edition 1918) Insulin and its Use in Diabetes (with W.R.
Pearce, 1915) Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine (1st edition 1918) Insulin and its Use in Diabetes (with W.R.
He was elected a member of the Royal Society of Canada in 1919 and president of American Physiological Society in 1921.
Additionally, Macleod was a popular lecturer and an influential contributor to the development of the six-year course in medicine at the University of Toronto. ===Frederick Banting and the discovery of insulin=== At the end of 1920, Macleod was approached by Frederick Grant Banting, a young Canadian physician who had the idea of curing diabetes using an extract from a pancreas whose functioning had been disrupted.
He was elected a member of the Royal Society of Canada in 1919 and president of American Physiological Society in 1921.
Their discovery was first published in the February 1922 issue of The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine.
By the winter of 1922, he was certain that all Macleod's colleagues were conspiring against him.
In January 1922, the team performed the first successful clinical trial, on 14-year-old Leonard Thompson, and it was soon followed by others.
Macleod's presentation at a meeting of the Association of American Physicians in Washington, D.C., on 3 May 1922 received a standing ovation, but Banting and Best refused to participate in protest.
He wrote a report on the discovery in 1922 to explain his side of the story, but otherwise refrained from active involvement in controversy about credit.
He is noted for his role in the discovery and isolation of insulin during his tenure as a lecturer at the University of Toronto, for which he and Frederick Banting received the 1923 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine.
took over mass production, but without an exclusive license, as the patent was transferred to the British Medical Research Council to prevent exploitation. In the summer of 1923 Macleod resumed other research.
In 1923, Banting was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.
Among the recognitions he received after 1923 were memberships of the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Edinburgh, corresponding membership of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and honorary membership of the Regia Accademia Medica.
In the autumn of 1923, Banting and Macleod received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, even though the long-term importance of the discovery was not yet apparent.
Campbell, 1925) Carbohydrate Metabolism and Insulin (1926) The Fuel of life: Experimental Studies in Normal and Diabetic Animals (1928) ==Awards and honours== John Macleod was a distinguished physiologist even before the discovery of insulin.
Banting eventually started to claim that he deserved all the credit and that Macleod had only hindered him the whole time and had made no contribution other than to leave the keys to the laboratory when he went on vacation. ===Later years=== Macleod returned to Scotland in 1928 to become Regius Professor of Physiology at Aberdeen University (in succession to his former teacher, John Alexander MacWilliam who retired in 1927) and later Dean of the University of Aberdeen Medical Faculty.
Banting eventually started to claim that he deserved all the credit and that Macleod had only hindered him the whole time and had made no contribution other than to leave the keys to the laboratory when he went on vacation. ===Later years=== Macleod returned to Scotland in 1928 to become Regius Professor of Physiology at Aberdeen University (in succession to his former teacher, John Alexander MacWilliam who retired in 1927) and later Dean of the University of Aberdeen Medical Faculty.
Between 1929 and 1933 he was also a member of the Medical Research Council.
Between 1929 and 1933 he was also a member of the Medical Research Council.
In 1933 he made a lecture tour of the US, and in 1934 he published the 7th edition of his book Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine. After Banting's death in a plane crash in 1941, Best, with the help of his friends, continued to spread Banting's account of the discovery and tried to "write out" Macleod and Collip from the history books.
In 1933 he made a lecture tour of the US, and in 1934 he published the 7th edition of his book Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine. After Banting's death in a plane crash in 1941, Best, with the help of his friends, continued to spread Banting's account of the discovery and tried to "write out" Macleod and Collip from the history books.
John James Rickard Macleod (6 September 1876 – 16 March 1935) was a British biochemist and physiologist.
He died in 1935 in Aberdeen after several years of suffering from arthritis, despite which he remained active almost until his death.
In 1933 he made a lecture tour of the US, and in 1934 he published the 7th edition of his book Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine. After Banting's death in a plane crash in 1941, Best, with the help of his friends, continued to spread Banting's account of the discovery and tried to "write out" Macleod and Collip from the history books.
Only in 1950 was the first independent revision of all sides of the story made, and it gave credit to all four members of the team.
In 1972 the Nobel Foundation officially conceded that omitting Best was a mistake. A second controversial aspect of the award was the fact that eight months before Banting's and Best's paper, the Romanian physiologist Nicolae Paulescu had reported the discovery of a pancreas extract that he dubbed pancrein, which lowered blood glucose concentration.
The 1973 British television drama Comets Among the Stars, for example, portrayed him as dark and repulsive.
In 2012, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. ===Nobel Prize=== The Nobel Committee reacted almost immediately to the first successful clinical trials.
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