Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits.
He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and was knighted by George III in 1769. ==Early life== Reynolds was born in Plympton, Devon, on 16 July 1723 the third son of the Rev.
Mannings, Sir Joshua Reynolds PRA, 1723–92 (1992). D.
In 1740 she provided £60, half of the premium paid to Thomas Hudson the portrait-painter, for Joshua's pupilage, and nine years later advanced money for his expenses in Italy.
Reynolds Pictor’, and is now in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts, London. ==Career== Having shown an early interest in art, Reynolds was apprenticed in 1740 to the fashionable London portrait painter Thomas Hudson, who had been born in Devon.
Although apprenticed to Hudson for four years, Reynolds remained with him only until summer 1743.
He returned to London before the end of 1744, but following his father's death in late 1745 he shared a house in Plymouth Dock with his sisters. In 1749, Reynolds met Commodore Augustus Keppel, who invited him to join HMS Centurion, of which he had command, on a voyage to the Mediterranean.
He returned to London before the end of 1744, but following his father's death in late 1745 he shared a house in Plymouth Dock with his sisters. In 1749, Reynolds met Commodore Augustus Keppel, who invited him to join HMS Centurion, of which he had command, on a voyage to the Mediterranean.
He returned to London before the end of 1744, but following his father's death in late 1745 he shared a house in Plymouth Dock with his sisters. In 1749, Reynolds met Commodore Augustus Keppel, who invited him to join HMS Centurion, of which he had command, on a voyage to the Mediterranean.
In the late 1750s, at the height of the social season, he received five or six sitters a day, each for an hour.
Following his arrival in England in October 1752, Reynolds spent three months in Devon, before establishing himself in London, where he remained for the rest of his life.
In 1760 Reynolds moved into a large house, with space to show his works and accommodate his assistants, on the west side of Leicester Fields (now Leicester Square). Alongside ambitious full-length portraits, Reynolds painted large numbers of smaller works.
By 1761 Reynolds could command a fee of 80 guineas for a full-length portrait; in 1764 he was paid 100 guineas for a portrait of Lord Burghersh. The clothing of Reynolds' sitters was usually painted by either one of his pupils, his studio assistant Giuseppe Marchi, or the specialist drapery painter Peter Toms.
By 1761 Reynolds could command a fee of 80 guineas for a full-length portrait; in 1764 he was paid 100 guineas for a portrait of Lord Burghersh. The clothing of Reynolds' sitters was usually painted by either one of his pupils, his studio assistant Giuseppe Marchi, or the specialist drapery painter Peter Toms.
It was founded in 1764 and met in a suite of rooms on the first floor of the Turks Head at 9 Gerrard Street, now marked by a plaque.
When in 1783 the landlord of the Turks Head died and the property was sold, The Club moved to Sackville Street. ===Royal Academy=== Reynolds was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society of Arts, helped found the Society of Artists of Great Britain, and in 1768 became the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, a position he was to hold until his death.
Turner and James Northcote were fervent acolytes: Turner requested he be laid to rest at Reynolds' side, and Northcote, who spent four years as Reynolds' pupil, wrote to his family "I know him thoroughly, and all his faults, I am sure, and yet almost worship him." The Royal Academy of Art in London celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018, since its opening in 1768.
He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and was knighted by George III in 1769. ==Early life== Reynolds was born in Plympton, Devon, on 16 July 1723 the third son of the Rev.
In 1769, he was knighted by George III, only the second artist to be so honored.
His Discourses, a series of lectures delivered at the Academy between 1769 and 1790, are remembered for their sensitivity and perception.
Apart from a brief interlude in 1770, Marchi remained in Reynolds' employment as a studio assistant for the rest of the artist's career.
Johnson said in 1778: "Reynolds is too much under [Charles James] Fox and Burke at present.
===Lord Keppel=== In the Battle of Ushant against the French in 1778, Lord Keppel commanded the Channel Fleet and the outcome resulted in no clear winner; Keppel ordered the attack be renewed and was obeyed except by Sir Hugh Palliser, who commanded the rear, and the French escaped bombardment.
Waterhouse, Reynolds (1973). Joshua Reynolds, Discourses on Art (London, 1778); ed.
On 11 February 1779 Keppel was acquitted of all charges and became a national hero.
He had an excellent vantage from his house, Wick House, on Richmond Hill, and painted the view in about 1780. Reynolds also was recognized for his portraits of children.
When in 1783 the landlord of the Turks Head died and the property was sold, The Club moved to Sackville Street. ===Royal Academy=== Reynolds was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society of Arts, helped found the Society of Artists of Great Britain, and in 1768 became the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, a position he was to hold until his death.
Reynolds alluded to Keppel's trial in the painting by painting his hand on his sword, reflecting the presiding officer's words at the court-martial: "In delivering to you your sword, I am to congratulate you on its being restored to you with so much honour". ===Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King=== On 10 August 1784 Allan Ramsay died and the office of Principal Painter in Ordinary to King George III became vacant.
His 1788 portrait, Age of Innocence, is his best known character study of a child.
Peter (Jesus' "rock") possessing the keys to Heaven, Heathfield "the rock upon which Britannia builds her military interests". ==Later life== In 1789, Reynolds lost the sight of his left eye, which forced him into retirement.
His Discourses, a series of lectures delivered at the Academy between 1769 and 1790, are remembered for their sensitivity and perception.
In 1791 James Boswell dedicated his Life of Samuel Johnson to Reynolds.
Reynolds agreed with Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France and, writing in early 1791, expressed his belief that the ancien régime of France had fallen due to spending too much time tending, as he puts it, to the splendor of the foliage, to the neglect of the stirring the earth about the roots.
Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits.
On New Year's Day 1792 Reynolds became "seized with sickness" and from that point could not keep down food. Reynolds died on 23 February 1792 at his house in Leicester Fields in London between eight and nine in the evening. Burke was present on the night Reynolds died, and was moved within hours to write a eulogy of Reynolds starting with the following sentiments: "Sir Joshua Reynolds was on very many accounts one of the most memorable men of his Time.
Critics included William Blake who published the vitriolic Annotations to Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses in 1808.
John Constable said in the 1830s that it was "almost a history of the defence of Gibraltar".
In 1903, a statue, by Alfred Drury, was erected in his honour in Annenberg Courtyard of Burlington House, home of the Royal Academy.
Wark (New Haven and London, 1975) N.
Penny (ed.), Reynolds, exhibition catalogue, Paris Grand Palais, London, Royal Academy, 1986 Werner Busch, Hogarth's and Reynolds'Porträt des Schauspielers Garrick, in: Englishness.
Around the statue are fountains and lights, installed in 2000, arranged in the pattern of a star chart at midnight on the night of Reynolds' birth.
Mannings, Sir Joshua Reynolds: A Complete Catalogue of his Paintings: The Subject Pictures Catalogued by Martin Postle (New Haven ad London, 2000) H.
The Life and Times of the First President of the Royal Academy (London: Allen Lane, 2003). Martin Postle, Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–1792), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, October 2009.
The Life and Times of the First President of the Royal Academy (London: Allen Lane, 2003). Martin Postle, Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–1792), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, October 2009.
Northcote, The Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1818, 2nd edition, 2 volumes). Martin Postle (ed.), Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity (London: Tate, 2005).
The Life and Times of the First President of the Royal Academy (London: Allen Lane, 2003). Martin Postle, Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–1792), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, October 2009.
Retrieved 24 September 2010. ===Further reading=== J.
Jahrhunderts von Hogath bis Romney, Berlin and Munich 2010, pp.57-76 ==External links== Port Eliot House, home of the Earl of St.
Blanc, Les Écrits de Sir Joshua Reynolds (Théorie de l'art (1400–1800) / Art Theory (1400–1800), 4), Turnhout, 2016, John Barrell, The Political Theory of Painting from Reynolds to Hazlitt (1986). A.
Turner and James Northcote were fervent acolytes: Turner requested he be laid to rest at Reynolds' side, and Northcote, who spent four years as Reynolds' pupil, wrote to his family "I know him thoroughly, and all his faults, I am sure, and yet almost worship him." The Royal Academy of Art in London celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018, since its opening in 1768.
9 (23 May 2019), pp.
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