Liebig himself attributed the vapor condensation device to German pharmacist Johann Friedrich August Gottling, who had made improvements in 1794 to a design discovered independently by German chemist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel in 1771, by French scientist, P.
Poisonnier in 1779, and by Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin in 1791. Although it was not widely adopted until after Liebig's death, when safety legislation finally prohibited the use of mercury in making mirrors, Liebig proposed a process for silvering that eventually became the basis of modern mirror-making.
Poisonnier in 1779, and by Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin in 1791. Although it was not widely adopted until after Liebig's death, when safety legislation finally prohibited the use of mercury in making mirrors, Liebig proposed a process for silvering that eventually became the basis of modern mirror-making.
Liebig himself attributed the vapor condensation device to German pharmacist Johann Friedrich August Gottling, who had made improvements in 1794 to a design discovered independently by German chemist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel in 1771, by French scientist, P.
Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.
He popularized an earlier invention for condensing vapors, which came to be known as the Liebig condenser. ==Early life and education== Justus Liebig was born in Darmstadt into the middle-class family of Johann Georg Liebig and Maria Caroline Möser in early May 1803.
Due in part to Liebig's innovations in fertilizers and agriculture, the 1816 famine became known as "the last great subsistence crisis in the Western world". Liebig attended grammar school at the Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt, from the ages of 8 to 14.
When Kastner moved to the University of Erlangen, Liebig followed him. Liebig left Erlangen in March 1822, in part because of his involvement with the radical Korps Rhenania (a nationalist student organization), but also because of his hopes for more advanced chemical studies.
In late 1822, Liebig went to study in Paris on a grant obtained for him by Kastner from the Hessian government.
Liebig's doctorate from Erlangen was conferred on 23 June 1823, a considerable time after he left, as a result of Kastner's intervention on his behalf.
Kastner pleaded that the requirement of a dissertation be waived, and the degree granted in absentia. ==Research and development== Liebig left Paris to return to Darmstadt in April 1824.
On 26 May 1824, at the age of 21 and with Humboldt's recommendation, Liebig became a professor extraordinarius at the University of Giessen.
He refused to allow Liebig to use existing space and equipment, and finally committed suicide on 19 July 1825.
Liebig was appointed to the Ordentlicher chair in chemistry on 7 December 1825, receiving a considerably increased salary and a laboratory allowance. Liebig married Henriette "Jettchen" Moldenhauer (1807–1881), the daughter of a state official, in May 1826.
As of 17 December 1825, they ruled that any such institution would have to be a private venture.
Its classes in practical chemistry and laboratory procedures for chemical analysis were taught in addition to Liebig's formal courses at the university. From 1825 to 1835, the laboratory was housed in the guardroom of a disused barracks on the edge of town.
Liebig was appointed to the Ordentlicher chair in chemistry on 7 December 1825, receiving a considerably increased salary and a laboratory allowance. Liebig married Henriette "Jettchen" Moldenhauer (1807–1881), the daughter of a state official, in May 1826.
Liebig's institute was widely advertised in pharmaceutical journals, and opened in 1826.
They met in 1826 in Frankfurt, after independently reporting on the preparation of two substances, cyanic acid and fulminic acid, that apparently had the same composition, but very different characteristics.
Many chemists worked on the problem of organic analysis, including French Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Swedish Jöns Jacob Berzelius, before Liebig developed his version of an apparatus for determining the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content of organic substances in 1830.
This laid the foundation for the doctrine of compound radicals, which can be seen as an early step in the development of structural chemistry. The 1830s were a period of intense investigation of organic compounds by Liebig and his students, and of vigorous debate about the theoretical implications of their results.
Liebig published on a wide variety of topics, personally averaging 30 papers per year between 1830 and 1840.
By the late 1830s, researchers such as Karl Sprengel were using Liebig's methods of combustion analysis to assess manures, concluding that their value could be attributed to their constituent minerals.
The discovery of these and other substances led Jöns Jacob Berzelius to suggest the idea of isomers, substances that are defined not simply by the number and kind of atoms in the molecule, but also by the arrangement of those atoms. In 1832, Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler published an investigation of the oil of bitter almonds.
He is considered to have made possible the invention of Marmite, because of his discovery that yeast could be concentrated. == Major works == Liebig founded the journal Annalen der Chemie, which he edited from 1832.
It was also significant for its emphasis on applying discoveries in fundamental research to the development of specific chemical processes and products. In 1833, Liebig was able to convince chancellor Justin von Linde to include the institute within the university.
Its classes in practical chemistry and laboratory procedures for chemical analysis were taught in addition to Liebig's formal courses at the university. From 1825 to 1835, the laboratory was housed in the guardroom of a disused barracks on the edge of town.
In 1835, he reported that aldehydes reduce silver salts to metallic silver.
In 1839, he obtained government funds to build a lecture theatre and two separate laboratories, designed by architect Paul Hofmann.
Liebig published on a wide variety of topics, personally averaging 30 papers per year between 1830 and 1840.
Though Liebig distanced himself from the direct political implications of materialism, he tacitly supported the work of Carl Vogt (1817–1895), Jacob Moleschott (1822–1893), and Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899). ===Plant nutrition=== By the 1840s, Liebig was attempting to apply theoretical knowledge from organic chemistry to real-world problems of food availability.
In the first two editions of his book (1840, 1842), Liebig reported that the atmosphere contained insufficient nitrogen, and argued that nitrogen-based fertilizer was needed to grow the healthiest possible crops.
By 1842, he had published Chimie organique appliquée à la physiologie animale et à la pathologie, published in English as Animal Chemistry, or, Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Physiology and Pathology, presenting a chemical theory of metabolism.
The details were published in 1847 so that "the benefit of it should ...
By 1852, when he left Giessen for Munich, more than 700 students of chemistry and pharmacy had studied with Liebig. ===Instrumentation=== A significant challenge facing 19th-century organic chemists was the lack of instruments and methods of analysis to support accurate, replicable analyses of organic materials.
In this way, he sought to reform politics in the German states. ==Later life== In 1852, Liebig accepted an appointment from King Maximilian II of Bavaria to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
After working with other scientists, Carl August von Steinheil approached Liebig in 1856 to see if he could develop a silvering technique capable of producing high-quality optical mirrors for use in reflecting telescopes.
In his position as a promoter of science, Liebig was appointed president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, becoming perpetual president of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1858. Liebig enjoyed a personal friendship with Maximilian II, who died on 10 March 1864.
In his position as a promoter of science, Liebig was appointed president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, becoming perpetual president of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1858. Liebig enjoyed a personal friendship with Maximilian II, who died on 10 March 1864.
In 1865, Liebig partnered with Belgian engineer George Christian Giebert, and was named scientific director of the Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, located in Fray Bentos, Uruguay. Other companies also attempted to market meat extracts under the name "Liebig's Extract of Meat".
The image was struck from a portrait commissioned in 1869 from Friedrich Brehmer. For several years, the Liebig Trust Fund, established by Baron Liebig, was administered by the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences at Munich and members of the Liebig family.
In 1871, the Versammlung deutscher Land- und Forstwirte (Assembly of German Farmers and Foresters) first awarded a Liebig Gold Medal, given to Theodor Reuning.
Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.
Oxo was trademarked worldwide in 1899 and in the United Kingdom in 1900.
Oxo was trademarked worldwide in 1899 and in the United Kingdom in 1900.
Their Liebig Medal was first awarded in 1903 to Adolf von Baeyer, and in 1904 to Dr.
Their Liebig Medal was first awarded in 1903 to Adolf von Baeyer, and in 1904 to Dr.
Originally a liquid, Oxo was released in cubed solid form in 1911. ====Marmite==== Liebig studied other foods, as well.
it continues to be awarded. At the third World Congress of CIEC, held at Heidelberg in 1957, the "Sprengel-Liebing Medal" was awarded to Dr.
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