The region was reorganized into the Province of East Prussia within the Kingdom of Prussia in 1773.
The territory of the Kaliningrad Oblast lies in the northern part of East Prussia. ===Modern period=== ====Historical ethnic and religious structure==== In 1817, East Prussia had 796,204 Protestants, 120,123 Roman Catholics, 2,389 Jews, and 864 Mennonites. In 1824, shortly before its merger with West Prussia, the population of East Prussia was 1,080,000 people.
Although it was both Reformed and Lutheran since 1817, there was an overwhelming Lutheran majority and very few Reformed adherents in East Prussia. ==Military== For some years after the fall of the Soviet Union, Kaliningrad Oblast was one of the most militarized areas of the Russian Federation and the density of military installations was the highest in Europe, as much of the Soviet equipment pulled out of Eastern Europe was left there.
As of 1819 there were also 20,000 strong ethnic Curonian and Latvian minorities as well as 2,400 Jews, according to Georg Hassel.
The territory of the Kaliningrad Oblast lies in the northern part of East Prussia. ===Modern period=== ====Historical ethnic and religious structure==== In 1817, East Prussia had 796,204 Protestants, 120,123 Roman Catholics, 2,389 Jews, and 864 Mennonites. In 1824, shortly before its merger with West Prussia, the population of East Prussia was 1,080,000 people.
Only in Southern Warmia (German: Ermland) Catholic Poles – so called Warmiaks (not to be confused with predominantly Protestant Masurians) – comprised the majority of population, numbering 26,067 people (~81%) in county Allenstein (Polish: Olsztyn) in 1837.
Similar numbers are given by August von Haxthausen in his 1839 book, with a breakdown by county.
Perlbach etc., Leipzig, 1875. A.
The rest of the area, with the exception of the Polish Masurians in Mazury (southern Prussia), was overwhelmingly German-speaking. The Memel Territory (Klaipėda region), formerly part of north-eastern East Prussia as well as Lithuania Minor, was annexed by Lithuania in 1923.
In 1938, Nazi Germany radically renamed about a third of the place names of this area, replacing Old Prussian and Lithuanian names with newly invented German names. ====Takeover by the Soviet Union==== On August 29, 1944, Soviet troops reached the border of East Prussia.
In 1938, Nazi Germany radically renamed about a third of the place names of this area, replacing Old Prussian and Lithuanian names with newly invented German names. ====Takeover by the Soviet Union==== On August 29, 1944, Soviet troops reached the border of East Prussia.
With the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 in the Second World War, the territory was annexed as part of the Russian SFSR by the Soviet Union.
By January 1945, they had taken all of East Prussia except for the area around Königsberg.
Liucija Arbusauskaité "The Soviet Policy Towards the "Kaliningrad Germans" 1945–1951" chapter in "Themenheft: Eingliederung und Ausgrenzung.
Consequently, the city was closed to foreign visitors. In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between Poland and the Soviet Union. The region was added as a semi-exclave to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast.
City and Reagen News History of Prussia Enclaves and exclaves Russian-speaking countries and territories Germany–Soviet Union relations States and territories established in 1946
The remaining German population was forcibly expelled between 1947 and 1948.
The remaining German population was forcibly expelled between 1947 and 1948.
The conquered territory was populated with citizens of the Soviet Union, mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians. The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were 1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population. ====Cold War period==== The city was rebuilt during the Cold War.
Consequently, the city was closed to foreign visitors. In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between Poland and the Soviet Union. The region was added as a semi-exclave to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast.
Bezzenberger, Geographie von Preußen, Gotha, 1959 ==External links== Official website of Kaliningrad Oblast A.
The 1989 Census recorded 871,283 inhabitants.
This final determination took place on September 12, 1990 with the signing of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany.
In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment), but this was denied by Mikhail Gorbachev. ===Today=== Kaliningrad's isolation was exacerbated by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Lithuania became an independent country and even more when both Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004.
In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment), but this was denied by Mikhail Gorbachev. ===Today=== Kaliningrad's isolation was exacerbated by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Lithuania became an independent country and even more when both Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004.
Russia and the United States announced in 1991 and 1992 a non-binding agreement to reduce arsenals of tactical nuclear weapons. On November 5, 2008, Russian President Dimitry Medvedev said that Russia would deploy Iskander missiles in the oblast "as a response to U.S.
Russia and the United States announced in 1991 and 1992 a non-binding agreement to reduce arsenals of tactical nuclear weapons. On November 5, 2008, Russian President Dimitry Medvedev said that Russia would deploy Iskander missiles in the oblast "as a response to U.S.
On January 12, 1996, Kaliningrad Oblast, alongside Sverdlovsk, became the first oblasts of Russia to sign a power-sharing treaty with the federal government, granting it autonomy.
The region has developed its tourism infrastructure and promotes attractions such as the Curonian Spit. To address the oblast's high rate of unemployment, in 1996 the Russian authorities granted the oblast a special economic status with tax incentives that were intended to attract investors.
Hrsg.: Jochen Oltmer Osnabrück: IMIS, 1999.
Kaliningrad is the headquarters of the Russian Baltic Fleet together with Chernyakhovsk (air base), Donskoye (air base) and Kaliningrad Chkalovsk (naval air base). The Washington Times wrote on January 3, 2001, citing anonymous intelligence reports, that Russia had transferred tactical nuclear weapons into a military base in Kaliningrad for the first time since the end of the Cold War.
The latest elections to the region's legislative body, the 40-seat Kaliningrad Oblast Duma, were held in September 2016. ==Administrative divisions== ==Demographics== ===Settlements=== ===Population=== According to the 2010 Census, the population of the oblast was 941,873; down from 955,281 recorded in the 2002 Census.
In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment), but this was denied by Mikhail Gorbachev. ===Today=== Kaliningrad's isolation was exacerbated by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Lithuania became an independent country and even more when both Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004.
Small-scale offshore exploration started in 2004.
Poland, Lithuania, and some local NGOs, voiced concerns about possible environmental effects. ===Fishing=== Fishing is an important regional industry, with big fishing ports in Kaliningrad and Pionersky (formerly Neukuhren) and smaller ones in Svetly and Rybachy. ===Power generation=== Average yearly power consumption in the Kaliningrad Oblast was 3.5 terawatt-hours in 2004 with local power generation providing just 0.235 terawatt-hours.
This has helped to promote interest in the history and culture of the East Prussian and Lietuvininkai communities. In July 2005, the 750-year jubilee of the city was widely celebrated. In July 2007, Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared that if US-controlled missile defense systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad.
A new Kaliningrad power station was built in 2005, covering 50% of the oblast's energy needs.
Economic output has increased. According to official statistics, the Gross Regional Product in 2006 was 115 billion roubles.
This has helped to promote interest in the history and culture of the East Prussian and Lietuvininkai communities. In July 2005, the 750-year jubilee of the city was widely celebrated. In July 2007, Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared that if US-controlled missile defense systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad.
GRP per capita in 2007 was 155 669 roubles. ===Industry=== Car and truck assembly (GM, BMW, Kia, Yuejin), and production of auto parts, are major industries in Kaliningrad Oblast.
On November 5, 2008, Russian leader Dmitry Medvedev said that installing missiles in Kaliningrad was almost a certainty.
Russia and the United States announced in 1991 and 1992 a non-binding agreement to reduce arsenals of tactical nuclear weapons. On November 5, 2008, Russian President Dimitry Medvedev said that Russia would deploy Iskander missiles in the oblast "as a response to U.S.
A second part of this station was built in 2010, making the oblast independent from electricity imports. In 2008, planning began for the construction of two nuclear power reactors, with costs estimated at €5 billion (US$8 billion).
These plans were suspended in January 2009, but implemented in October 2016.
As of 2009, there were 11,600 Russian ground troops based in the oblast, plus additional naval and air force personnel.
missile facilities in Poland and the Czech Republic. However, on January 28, 2009, a Russian defense official stated that the deployment of short-range missiles in Kaliningrad Oblast would cease, due to "perceived changes in the attitude of the United States government towards the Russian Federation," following the election of United States President Barack Obama.
In September 2009, Russia fully scrapped plans to send short-range missiles into the Kaliningrad Oblast in response to Obama's decision to cancel the missile defense system. In November 2011, Dmitry Medvedev issued another stern warning that Russia would deploy new missiles aimed at U.S.
According to the 2010 census, the oblast had a population of 941,873. The oblast is bordered by Poland to the south, Lithuania to the north and east, and the Baltic Sea to the west.
As of the 2010 census, only a small number of ethnic Germans remain; most of the several thousand who live in the oblast are recent immigrants from other parts of the former Soviet Union. Early in the 21st century, the economy of Kaliningrad Oblast became one of the best performing economies in Russia.
In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment), but this was denied by Mikhail Gorbachev. ===Today=== Kaliningrad's isolation was exacerbated by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Lithuania became an independent country and even more when both Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004.
The latest elections to the region's legislative body, the 40-seat Kaliningrad Oblast Duma, were held in September 2016. ==Administrative divisions== ==Demographics== ===Settlements=== ===Population=== According to the 2010 Census, the population of the oblast was 941,873; down from 955,281 recorded in the 2002 Census.
A second part of this station was built in 2010, making the oblast independent from electricity imports. In 2008, planning began for the construction of two nuclear power reactors, with costs estimated at €5 billion (US$8 billion).
In 2011, a long range Voronezh radar was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about 6,000 km.
In September 2009, Russia fully scrapped plans to send short-range missiles into the Kaliningrad Oblast in response to Obama's decision to cancel the missile defense system. In November 2011, Dmitry Medvedev issued another stern warning that Russia would deploy new missiles aimed at U.S.
The project was suspended in May 2013, and in 2014, it was abandoned after environmental concerns and lack of support. ==See also== Kaliningrad Oblast election, 2011 Baltic Republican Party List of rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Special Region Kaliningrad (Königsberg) dispute ==References== ===Sources=== Simon Grunau, Preußische Chronik.
Then in 2012, Russia chose Kaliningrad as the second region (after Moscow) to deploy the S-400 (SAM) missile system.
Subsequently, the Russian newspaper Izvestia reported in December 2013 that the short-range Iskander-M 9K720 operational-tactical missile systems had been commissioned by the Western Military District's missile and artillery forces at about the same time.
Until recently raw amber was exported for processing to other countries, but in 2013 the Russian government banned the export of raw amber in order to boost the amber processing industry in Russia. There are small oil reservoirs beneath the Baltic Sea not far from Kaliningrad's shore.
The project was suspended in May 2013, and in 2014, it was abandoned after environmental concerns and lack of support. ==See also== Kaliningrad Oblast election, 2011 Baltic Republican Party List of rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Special Region Kaliningrad (Königsberg) dispute ==References== ===Sources=== Simon Grunau, Preußische Chronik.
Encounters between Russian forces and NATO have been on the rise since 2014. ==Economy== In 2017, the nominal GDP of Kaliningrad Oblast was US$7 billion total and $7,000 per capita. The oblast derives an economic advantage from its geographic position as an ice-free port and its proximity to the European Union.
The project was suspended in May 2013, and in 2014, it was abandoned after environmental concerns and lack of support. ==See also== Kaliningrad Oblast election, 2011 Baltic Republican Party List of rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Special Region Kaliningrad (Königsberg) dispute ==References== ===Sources=== Simon Grunau, Preußische Chronik.
These plans were suspended in January 2009, but implemented in October 2016.
The latest elections to the region's legislative body, the 40-seat Kaliningrad Oblast Duma, were held in September 2016. ==Administrative divisions== ==Demographics== ===Settlements=== ===Population=== According to the 2010 Census, the population of the oblast was 941,873; down from 955,281 recorded in the 2002 Census.
Its length under the name of Pregolya is 123 km (76 mi), 292 km (181 mi), including the Angrapa. Notable geographical features include: Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) Vistula Lagoon (shared with Poland) Major cities and towns: † Pre-1946 (the German-language names were also used in English in this period) ==Politics== The current governor (since 2017) of Kaliningrad Oblast is Anton Alikhanov.
Encounters between Russian forces and NATO have been on the rise since 2014. ==Economy== In 2017, the nominal GDP of Kaliningrad Oblast was US$7 billion total and $7,000 per capita. The oblast derives an economic advantage from its geographic position as an ice-free port and its proximity to the European Union.
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