Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others. === Medieval era === ==== Early Shah rule ==== The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768.
The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era. ==== Rana rule ==== Rana rule over Nepal started with the Kot massacre of 1846, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar.
The royal family lived in this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace.
The current palace building was built in 1970 in front of the old palace, built in 1915, in the form of a contemporary pagoda.
The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition".
The Metropolitan Police is a division of the Nepal Police, and the administrative control lies with the Ministry of Home Affairs. === Fire service === The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya (वारुण यन्त्र कार्यालय), opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single-vehicle.
In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighbouring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur.
Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950. The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi (wealth-goddess).
In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu central airport.
The current palace building was built in 1970 in front of the old palace, built in 1915, in the form of a contemporary pagoda.
It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandu Valley) in 1970 and constructed in 1971.
Furthermore, music from all over Nepal can be found in Kathmandu. A number of [visited Kathmandu during the 1970s and introduced
It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandu Valley) in 1970 and constructed in 1971.
In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service.
The Seven Monument Zones inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are the Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhunath and Boudhanath. === Durbar Squares === The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces." There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur.
Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha.
The city contains several theatres, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982.
It has been home to the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) since 1985.
In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001.
The Municipality of Kathmandu was upgraded to a metropolitan city in 1995. Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector.
The decade of 2000–2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu.
The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety. === Electricity and water supply === Electricity in Kathmandu is regulated and distributed by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA).
For example, 2001 recorded only of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.
Both systems are common and established in India and neighbouring countries. == Demographics == Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal, recording a population of 671,846 residents living in 235,387 households in the metropolitan area, according to the 2001 census.
According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001.
In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001.
To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of has expanded to in 2001.
In contrast, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totaling over of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. ==Air quality== Air pollution is a major issue in the Kathmandu Valley.
The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, Weather Meteorology for 2005.
The annual amount of precipitation was for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above.
In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS).
The Seven Monument Zones inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are the Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhunath and Boudhanath. === Durbar Squares === The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces." There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur.
Today, it is the seat of government of the Nepalese republic, established in 2008, and is part of the Bagmati Province. Kathmandu is and has been for many years the centre of Nepal's history, art, culture, and economy.
Kathmandu valley is growing at 4 percentange per year according to the World Bank in 2010, making it one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia, and the first region in Nepal to face the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization at a metropolitan scale. Historic areas of Kathmandu were severely damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in April 2015.
Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum.
According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001.
The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021.
According to data from 2011, the major religions in Kathmandu city are Hinduism 81.3%, Buddhism 9%, Islam 4.4% and other 5.2%. The linguistic profile of Kathmandu underwent drastic changes during the Shah dynasty's rule because of its strong bias towards the Hindu culture.
In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top ten upcoming travel destinations in the world by TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia.
During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to , and the lowest temperature was recorded on 10 January 2013, at .
According to the 2016 World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average PM2.5 (particulate matter) concentration in 2013 was 49 μg/m3, which is 4.9 times higher than recommended by the World Health Organization.
Kathmandu valley is growing at 4 percentange per year according to the World Bank in 2010, making it one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia, and the first region in Nepal to face the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization at a metropolitan scale. Historic areas of Kathmandu were severely damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in April 2015.
The structure collapsed during a major earthquake in April 2015. The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as in Nepal Mandala.
The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 earthquake. Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the royal palace of the Malla kings and of the Shah dynasty.
The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated. The Asa Archives are also noteworthy.
According to the 2016 World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average PM2.5 (particulate matter) concentration in 2013 was 49 μg/m3, which is 4.9 times higher than recommended by the World Health Organization.
Starting in early 2017, the Government of Nepal and the Embassy of the United States in Kathmandu have monitored and publicly share real-time air quality data.
The current Kumari, Trishna Shakya, age three at the time of appointment, was installed in September 2017 succeeding Matina Shakya who was the first Kumari of Kathmandu after the end of the monarchy. Kasthamandap is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of Gorakhnath.
In Nepal and Kathmandu, the annual premature deaths due to air pollution reached 37,399 and 9,943 respectively, according to a Republica news report published on 23 November 2019.
The city water shortage should be solved by the completion of the much plagued Melamchi Water Supply Project by the end of 2019. === Waste management === Waste management may be through composting in municipal waste management units, and at houses with home composting units.
The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021.
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