For example, the British South Africa Company (founded by the British imperialist Cecil Rhodes) still retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it had acquired from a concession signed with the Litunga of Bulozi in 1890.
Kenneth David Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher, an immigrant from Malawi.
This is where Kaunda received his education until the early 1940s.
He later on followed in his parents footsteps and became a teacher; first in colonial Zambia but then in the middle of the 1940s he moved to what is now Tanzania. Kenneth Kaunda is one of the notable alumni of Rusangu University, Zambia. Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.
He attended Munali Training Centre in Lusaka (August 1941 – 1943). Both Kaunda's father and mother were teachers.
He attended Munali Training Centre in Lusaka (August 1941 – 1943). Both Kaunda's father and mother were teachers.
He later on followed in his parents footsteps and became a teacher; first in colonial Zambia but then in the middle of the 1940s he moved to what is now Tanzania. Kenneth Kaunda is one of the notable alumni of Rusangu University, Zambia. Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.
He later on followed in his parents footsteps and became a teacher; first in colonial Zambia but then in the middle of the 1940s he moved to what is now Tanzania. Kenneth Kaunda is one of the notable alumni of Rusangu University, Zambia. Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.
In early 1948, he became a teacher in Mufulira for the United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB).
He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress. ==Independence struggle== In April 1949, Kaunda returned to Lubwa to become a part-time teacher, but resigned in 1951.
He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress. ==Independence struggle== In April 1949, Kaunda returned to Lubwa to become a part-time teacher, but resigned in 1951.
On 11 November 1953 he moved to Lusaka to take up the post of Secretary General of the Africa National Congress (ANC), under the presidency of Harry Nkumbula.
In 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months with hard labour for distributing subversive literature; such imprisonment and other forms of harassment were normal rites of passage for African nationalist leaders.
Kaunda broke from the ANC and formed the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC) in October 1958.
ZANC was banned in March 1959.
In June Kaunda was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, which he spent first in Lusaka, then in Salisbury. While Kaunda was in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC.
When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960 he was elected President of UNIP.
In 1960 he visited Martin Luther King Jr.
Although his nationalisation of the copper mining industry in the late 1960s and the volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems, matters were aggravated by his logistical support for the black nationalist movements in Ian Smith's Rhodesia, South West Africa, Angola, and Mozambique.
in Atlanta and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a civil disobedience campaign in Northern Province, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson and obstructing significant roads.
Kaunda subsequently ran as a UNIP candidate during the 1962 elections.
Kenneth David Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher, an immigrant from Malawi.
In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals and securing Kaunda's position as prime minister.
On 24 October 1964 he became the first President of an independent Zambia, appointing Reuben Kamanga as his vice-president. ===Educational policies=== At the time of its independence, Zambia's modernisation process was far from complete.
Kaunda tried to mediate the differences between the Church, local authorities and UNIP party members but was eventually unable to control party cadres in the North. From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's government developed clearly authoritarian characteristics.
Not every child could go to secondary school, for example, but those who did were well educated. The University of Zambia was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians all over the country had been encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its construction.
Johnson in 1967, Kaunda inquires if the United States would provide him with nuclear missiles, all of his requests for modern weapons were refused by the United States.
These two operations, which attempted to secure major investment in infrastructure and manufacturing sectors, were generally regarded as successful. A major change in the structure of Zambia's economy came with the Mulungushi Reforms of April 1968: Kaunda declared his intention to acquire an equity holding (usually 51% or more) in a number of key foreign-owned firms, to be controlled by his Industrial Development Corporation (IDC).
Becoming increasingly intolerant of opposition, Kaunda banned all parties except UNIP following violence during the 1968 elections.
Kaunda was appointed Chancellor and officiated at the first graduation ceremony in 1969.
By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining interests, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines (NCCM) and Roan Consolidated Mines (RCM), respectively.
Beginning in the early 1970s, he began permitting the most prominent guerilla organisations, such as the Rhodesian ZANU and the African National Congress, to use Zambia as a base for their operations.
Kaunda served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1970 to 1973. ===UNIP and Kaunda's autocracy during the Second Republic=== The creation of a one-party state effectively made Kaunda's presidency a legal dictatorship.
In 1971, IDC, MINDE, and FINDECO were brought together under an omnibus parastatal, the Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation (ZIMCO), to create one of the largest companies in sub-Saharan Africa, with Francis Kaunda as chairman of the board.
However, in early 1972 he faced a new threat in the form of Simon Kapwepwe's decision to leave UNIP and found a rival party, the United Progressive Party, which Kaunda immediately attempted to suppress.
Next, he appointed the Chona Commission, which was set up under the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972.
The Chona report was based on four months of public hearings and was submitted in October 1972 as a 'liberal' document.
In 1973 following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration.
The oil crisis of 1973 and a slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state of economic crisis.
The management contracts under which day-to-day operations of the mines had been carried out by Anglo American and RST were terminated in 1973.
In 1973, the massive increase in the price of oil was followed by a slump in copper prices and a diminution of export earnings.
In early 1973, the price of copper accounted for 95% of all export earnings; this had halved in value on the world market by early 1975.
Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to join UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973.
Kaunda served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1970 to 1973. ===UNIP and Kaunda's autocracy during the Second Republic=== The creation of a one-party state effectively made Kaunda's presidency a legal dictatorship.
From 1973 onward, his rule became increasingly autocratic.
In early 1973, the price of copper accounted for 95% of all export earnings; this had halved in value on the world market by early 1975.
leaders (such as when Zambia purchased Soviet MIG fighters or when he accused two American diplomats of being spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed a positive relationship with the United States during these years. On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted as mediator along with the Prime Minister of South Africa, B.
Completed in 1975, this was the only route for bulk trade which did not have to transit white-dominated territories.
In February 2014, Kaunda was hospitalized for a fever at Lusaka Trust Hospital. ==Awards and honours== Foreign Honours Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (Portugal) — 28 May 1975 Supreme Companion of O.
By 1976, Zambia had a balance-of-payments crisis, and rapidly fell into debt with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
He hosted Henry Kissinger's 1976 trip to Zambia, got along very well with Jimmy Carter, and worked closely with Ronald Reagan's assistant secretary of state for African affairs, Chester Crocker.
Under this system, Kaunda was confirmed as president in 1978, 1983 and 1988, each time with official results showing over 80 percent of voters approving his candidacy. The parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda: the names of candidates had to be submitted to UNIP's Central Committee, which then selected three people to stand for any particular constituency.
For all intents and purposes, Kaunda held all governing power in the nation. This was the tactic he used when he saw off Nkumbula and Kapwepwe's challenges to his sole candidacy for the 1978 UNIP elections.
In 1979 another campus was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in Kitwe.
Kaunda on Violence, (US title, The Riddle of Violence), was published in 1980.
In 1980, Kaunda would purchase sixteen MiG-21 jets from the Soviet Union, which would ultimately provoke a reaction from the United States.
One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic in the 1980s.
In 1982, NCCM and RCM were merged into the giant Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Investment Holdings Ltd (ZCCM-IH). Unfortunately this nationalisation policy was ill-timed.
This precarious situation lasted more than 20 years, until the abolition of apartheid in South Africa. For much of the Cold War Kaunda was a strong supporter of the Non-Aligned Movement. Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US President Ronald Reagan whom he met 1983 and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher mainly over what he saw as a blind eye being turned towards South African apartheid.
Under this system, Kaunda was confirmed as president in 1978, 1983 and 1988, each time with official results showing over 80 percent of voters approving his candidacy. The parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda: the names of candidates had to be submitted to UNIP's Central Committee, which then selected three people to stand for any particular constituency.
His close friend Julius Nyerere had retired as president of Tanzania in 1985 and was quietly encouraging Kaunda to follow suit. Matters quickly came to a head in the summer of 1990.
The Third National Development Plan had to be abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning. By 1986, Zambia had the second highest debt of any nation on the globe, relative to its gross domestic product (GDP).
In desperation, Kaunda attempted to sever his ties with the IMF in May 1987 and introduce a New Economic Recovery Programme in 1988.
In 1988 the Kitwe campus was upgraded and renamed the Copperbelt University, offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies. Other tertiary-level institutions established during Kaunda's era were vocationally focused and fell under the aegis of the Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training.
In desperation, Kaunda attempted to sever his ties with the IMF in May 1987 and introduce a New Economic Recovery Programme in 1988.
Under this system, Kaunda was confirmed as president in 1978, 1983 and 1988, each time with official results showing over 80 percent of voters approving his candidacy. The parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda: the names of candidates had to be submitted to UNIP's Central Committee, which then selected three people to stand for any particular constituency.
However, this was not ultimately successful and he eventually moved toward a new understanding with the IMF in 1989.
He even went so far as to name Zambian streets in Saddam's honour. In August 1989, Farzad Bazoft was detained in Iraq for alleged espionage.
In 1990 Kaunda was forced to make major policy shifts; he announced the intention to partially privatise the parastatals.
His close friend Julius Nyerere had retired as president of Tanzania in 1985 and was quietly encouraging Kaunda to follow suit. Matters quickly came to a head in the summer of 1990.
Kenneth David Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher, an immigrant from Malawi.
Multi-party elections took place in 1991, in which Frederick Chiluba, the leader of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, ousted Kaunda. Kaunda was briefly stripped of Zambian citizenship in 1999, but the decision was overturned the following year.
Kaunda tried to mollify the opposition by moving the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the original date didn't allow enough time for voter registration. While expressing willingness to have the Zambian people vote on a multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that only a one-party state could prevent tribalism and violence from engulfing the country.
When Kaunda handed power to Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became the second mainland African head of state to allow free multiparty elections and to peacefully relinquish power when he lost.
The MMD-dominated government under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, barring citizens with foreign parentage from standing for the presidency, to prevent Kaunda from contesting the next elections in 1996.
Kaunda retired from politics after he was accused of involvement in the failed 1997 coup attempt.
After the coup, on Boxing Day in 1997 he was placed under arrest by Chiluba.
Multi-party elections took place in 1991, in which Frederick Chiluba, the leader of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, ousted Kaunda. Kaunda was briefly stripped of Zambian citizenship in 1999, but the decision was overturned the following year.
In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless by the Ndola High Court in a judgment delivered by Justice Chalendo Sakala.
A full transcript of the judgment was published in the Times of Zambia edition of 1 April 1999.
From 2002 to 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Presidential Archives and Research Center at Boston University. President Michael Sata made use of Kaunda as a roving ambassador for Zambia.
From 2002 to 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Presidential Archives and Research Center at Boston University. President Michael Sata made use of Kaunda as a roving ambassador for Zambia.
Accessed 19 May 2006. Fergus Macpherson, Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man (1974) Richard Hall, The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (1969) David C.
In February 2014, Kaunda was hospitalized for a fever at Lusaka Trust Hospital. ==Awards and honours== Foreign Honours Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (Portugal) — 28 May 1975 Supreme Companion of O.
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