The Kickapoo had to contend with a changing cast of Europeans; the British defeated the French in the Seven Years' War and took over nominal rule of former French territory east of the Mississippi River after 1763.
They sold most of their lands to the United States and moved north to settle among the Wea. Rising tensions between the regional tribes and the United States led to Tecumseh's War in 1811.
Many Kickapoo warriors participated in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the subsequent War of 1812 on the side of the British, hoping to expel the American settlers from the region.
He also wanted to focus on keeping the identity of the Kickapoo people, because of all the relocations they had done. The basis of Kenekuk's leadership began in the religious revivals of the 1820s and 1830s, with a blend of Protestantism and Catholicism.
He led followers during Indian Removal in the 1830s to their current tribal lands in Kansas.
He also wanted to focus on keeping the identity of the Kickapoo people, because of all the relocations they had done. The basis of Kenekuk's leadership began in the religious revivals of the 1820s and 1830s, with a blend of Protestantism and Catholicism.
The Kickapoo in Kansas came from a relocation from southern Missouri in 1832 as a land exchange from their reserve there.
He died there in 1852. The close of the war led to a change of federal Indian policy in the Indiana Territory, and later the state of Indiana.
These Kickapoo were granted their own reservation in 1883 and became recognized as the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma. The reservation was short-lived.
In 1893 under the Dawes Act, their communal tribal lands were broken up and assigned to separate member households by allotments.
The tribe's government was dismantled by the Curtis Act of 1898, which encouraged assimilation by Native Americans to the majority culture.
Tribal members struggled under these conditions. In the 1930s the federal and state governments encouraged tribes to reorganize their governments.
This one formed the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma in 1936, under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Today the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in McLoud, Oklahoma.
They have 2,719 enrolled tribal members. ==See also== Kickapoo whistled speech Mascouten == Notes == ==Further reading== Grant Foreman, The Last Trek of the Indians: An Account of the Removal of the Indians from North of the Ohio River, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946 Arrell M.
Gibson, The Kickapoo: Lords of the Middle Border, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963 Mager Elisabeth (2017) Ethnic Consciousness in Cultural Survival: The Morongo Band of Mission Indians and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas .
The Texas Indian Commission officially recognized the tribe in 1977. Other Kickapoo in Maverick County, Texas, constitute the "South Texas Subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma".
They are classified with the Central Algonquians, and are also related to the Illinois Confederation. In 1985, the Kickapoo Nation's School in Horton, Kansas, began a language-immersion program for elementary school grades to revive teaching and use of the Kickapoo language in kindergarten through grade 6.
Wright, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986 Joseph B.
Herring, Kennekuk: The Kickapoo Prophet, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1988 == External links == Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas, official website Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, official website Kickapoo language, alphabet and pronunciation Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, official website Matthew R.
Christopher Nunley, "Kickapoo Indians," in The New Handbook of Texas, Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1996. Muriel H.
It has a land area of and a resident population of 4,419 as of the 2000 census.
It has a land area of and a 2000 census population of 420 persons.
Efforts in language education continue at most Kickapoo sites. In 2010, the Head Start Program at the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation, which teaches the Kickapoo language, became "the first Native American school to earn Texas School Ready! (TSR) Project certification." Also in 2010, Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia participated in the elaboration of a Kickapoo alphabet.
American Indian Culture and Research Journal: 2017, Vol.
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