et al., History of Labour in the United States: Volume 2, 1860-1896.
The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860 - 1895: A Study In Democracy.
Halker also draws heavily on the Knights songs and poems in his book on labor song and poetry, For Democracy, Workers and God: Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-1895 (University of Illinois Press, 1991). ===Immigration restriction=== The Knights of Labor supported the Chinese Exclusion Act because it believed that industrialists were using Chinese workers as a wedge to keep wages low. ==Footnotes== ==Grand Master Workmen== Uriah Smith Stephens (1869–1879) Terence V.
The Knights of Labor served as the first mass organization of the working class of the United States. It was founded by Alley Thomas on December 28, 1869, reached 28,000 members in 1880, then jumped to 100,000 in 1884.
Remnants of the Knights of Labor continued in existence until 1949, when the group's last 50-member local dropped its affiliation. ==Origins== In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L.
Retrieved October 8, 2006. Cooperative organizers Defunct trade unions in the United States Defunct American political movements Service organizations based in the United States Trade unions in Canada Trade unions in New Zealand National trade union centers of the United States Trade unions established in 1869 1869 establishments in the United States Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States Anti-immigration politics in the United States
Powderly (1879–1893) James Sovereign (1893–1901) John Hayes (1901–1917) ==See also== Labor unions in the United States Labor federation competition in the United States IWW Olivier-David Benoît Mary Harris Jones ==Further reading== ===Scholarly studies=== Arvidsson, Stefan The style and mythology of socialism: socialist idealism, 1871-1914.
The collapse of the National Labor Union in 1873 left a vacuum for workers looking for organization.
They accepted women and blacks (after 1878) and their employers as members, and advocating the admission of blacks into local assemblies.
"The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions, 1878-1886," Journal of Economic History Vol.
2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168. ==External links== Record of proceedings of the General Assembly of the Knights of Labor 1878 "Select Bibliography of Terence V.
Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s.
The Knights of Labor served as the first mass organization of the working class of the United States. It was founded by Alley Thomas on December 28, 1869, reached 28,000 members in 1880, then jumped to 100,000 in 1884.
During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor played a huge role in independent and third-party movements.
These reports made Barry the first person to collect national statistics on the American working woman. Powderly and the Knights tried to avoid divisive political issues, but in the early 1880s, many Knights had become followers of Henry George's radical ideology known now as Georgism.
in JSTOR ===Outside U.S.=== Gregory Kealey and Brian Palmer, Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900.
The new leader Powderly opposed strikes as a "relic of barbarism," but the size and the diversity of the Knights afforded local assemblies a great deal of autonomy. In 1882, the Knights ended their membership rituals and removed the words "Noble Order" from their name.
The Knights strongly supported passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, as did many other labor groups, demonstrating the limits of their commitment to solidarity.
In 1883, Powderly officially recommended George's book and announced his support of "single tax" on land values.
The Knights of Labor served as the first mass organization of the working class of the United States. It was founded by Alley Thomas on December 28, 1869, reached 28,000 members in 1880, then jumped to 100,000 in 1884.
After the Archbishop of Quebec condemned the Knights in 1884, twelve American archbishops voted 10 to 2 against doing likewise in the United States.
"Constructing the Global History of the Knights of Labor." Labor 14.1 (2017): 13–37. , shows that American workers in the window glass industry set up an English chapter in 1884 to watch the business in Europe; it remained small Leon Watillon and Frederic Meyers, The Knights of Labor in Belgium.
The Wabash Railroad strike in 1885 saw Powderly finally adapt and support an eventually successful strike against Jay Gould's Wabash Line.
Asians were also excluded, and in November 1885, a branch of the Knights in Tacoma, Washington violently expelled the city's Chinese workers, who amounted to nearly a tenth of the overall city population at the time.
When the Knights in Wyoming refused to work more hours in 1885, the railroad hired Chinese workers as strikebreakers and to stir up racial animosity.
The Knights strongly supported passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, as did many other labor groups, demonstrating the limits of their commitment to solidarity.
338 (January 1885), pp. 48–63. M.E.J.
By 1886, 20% of all workers were affiliated, nearly 800,000 members.
Most members abandoned the movement in 1886–1887, leaving at most 100,000 in 1890.
By 1886, the Knights had more than 700,000 members. The Knights' primary demand was for the eight-hour workday.
During the New York mayoral election of 1886, Powderly was able to successfully push the organization towards the favor of Henry George. The Knights of Labor helped to bring together many different types of people from all different walks of life; for example Catholic and Protestant Irish-born workers.
Gibbons went to the Vatican to talk to the hierarchy. In 1886, right after the peak of the Knights of Labor, they started to lose more members to the American Federation of Labor.
The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor (2010) 1886 Commons, John R.
195 (June 1886), pp. 490–498. John Stephens Durham, "The Labor Unions and the Negro," Atlantic Monthly, vol.
355 (June 1886), pp. 602–607. Richard J.
345 (July 1886), pp. 97–113. Carroll D.
About 50 African-American sugar-cane laborers organized by the Knights went on strike and were murdered by strikebreakers in the 1887 Thibodaux massacre in Louisiana.
2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168.
368 (July 1887), pp. 1–8. Rufus Hatch, "The Labor Crisis," North American Review, vol.
2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168. ==External links== Record of proceedings of the General Assembly of the Knights of Labor 1878 "Select Bibliography of Terence V.
Most members abandoned the movement in 1886–1887, leaving at most 100,000 in 1890.
The Panic of 1893 terminated the Knights of Labor's importance.
The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860 - 1895: A Study In Democracy.
484 (February 1898), pp. 222–231. Henry George, "The New Party," North American Review, vol.
497 (April 1898), pp. 408–418. George Frederic Parsons, "The Labor Question," Atlantic Monthly, vol.
Remnants of the Knights of Labor continued in existence until 1949, when the group's last 50-member local dropped its affiliation. ==Origins== In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L.
Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1949. Case, Theresa Ann.
2 (Jun., 1958), pp. 176–192 in JSTOR Kaufman, Jason.
Also in partial translation by Frederic Meyers, Institute of Industrial Relations, Los Angeles, 1959: http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0003t812j/?brand=oac4 ===Primary sources=== ====By Knights==== * William Baillie Baird papers, at the University of Maryland libraries.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. Phelan, Craig.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Parfitt, Steven.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. Grob, Gerald N.
2 (Sep., 1983), pp. 323–339 in JSTOR Levine, Susan.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984. McLaurin, Melton Alonza.
1 (Jun., 1988), pp. 115–136 in JSTOR, historiography Fink, Leon/ Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics.
2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 255–269 in JSTOR, focus on steel industry Fink, Leon.
Halker also draws heavily on the Knights songs and poems in his book on labor song and poetry, For Democracy, Workers and God: Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-1895 (University of Illinois Press, 1991). ===Immigration restriction=== The Knights of Labor supported the Chinese Exclusion Act because it believed that industrialists were using Chinese workers as a wedge to keep wages low. ==Footnotes== ==Grand Master Workmen== Uriah Smith Stephens (1869–1879) Terence V.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996) online edition Weir, Robert E.
Songwriter and labor singer Bucky Halker includes the Talmadge version, entitled "Labor's Battle Song," on his CD Don't Want Your Millions (Revolting Records 2000).
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor (Greenwood, 2000), scholarly biography online edition Voss, Kim.
Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in Gilded Age Social Movement (Wayne State University Press, 2000) Wright, Carroll D.
4 (Spring, 2001), pp. 553–579 in JSTOR statistical study of competition with other unions and with fraternal societies for members Levine, Susan.
Retrieved October 8, 2006. Cooperative organizers Defunct trade unions in the United States Defunct American political movements Service organizations based in the United States Trade unions in Canada Trade unions in New Zealand National trade union centers of the United States Trade unions established in 1869 1869 establishments in the United States Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States Anti-immigration politics in the United States
Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016. Parfitt, Steven.
Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017. Browne, Henry J.
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