At that time the city was in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire as a result of the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit.
Zamenhof (15 December 185914 April 1917) was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw.
Also, it has developed like other languages, through the interaction and creativity of its users. In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death. ==Biography== ===Early years=== Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the son of Mark Zamenhof and Rozalia Zamenhof (), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok in the Russian Empire (now Białystok in Poland).
He is best known as the creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language. Zamenhof first developed the language in 1873 while still in school.
Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his projects were also aided by his mastery of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian. By 1878, his project Lingwe uniwersala was finished.
For Zamenhof, this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures. ===Work on Yiddish language and Jewish issues=== In 1879 Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of Yiddish.
He had an interest in Lithuanian and Italian and learned Volapük when it came out in 1880.
In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p. 50 in the above-cited book). In 1882 a wave of pogroms within the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the Hibbat Zion.
In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai.
After 1886 he worked as an ophthalmologist in Płock and Vienna.
In 1887, the book titled Международный язык.
He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title Hillelism, in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people. In 1914 he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA.
In the years 1896-97 N.A.
He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title Hillelism, in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people. In 1914 he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA.
Zamenhof", Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name Lazar and from 1901 signed his name "Dr L.
The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order Ludwik Lejzer is a modern convention. ==Honours and namesakes== In 1905 Zamenhof received the Légion d'honneur for creating Esperanto.
In 1910, Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament (including James O'Grady, Philip Snowden) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole.
He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title Hillelism, in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people. In 1914 he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA.
Zamenhof (15 December 185914 April 1917) was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw.
It was discovered on 6 February 1938 by Yrjö Väisälä.
Esperantist sculptor Nikolai Vasilyevich Blazhkov lived in this house, who in the early 60s brought a sculptural portrait into the courtyard, because the customs did not allow the sculpture to be sent to the Esperanto Congress in Vienna. In Gothenburg, Sweden a public square is named Esperantoplatsen. In Italy, a few streets are named after Esperanto, including Largo Esperanto in Pisa. In 1959, UNESCO honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary.
As one of its social principles, the Baháʼí faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations. Zamenhof's grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (Adam's son), lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019.
Białystok is also home to the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre. In 1960, Esperanto summer schools were established in Stoke-on-Trent in the United Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB), which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally.
The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982, with parallel Esperanto translation by Adolf Holzhaus, in L.
On 15 December 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday. The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.
On 15 December 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday. The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.
In 2015 it decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death. Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize. His birthday, 15 December, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto.
Also, it has developed like other languages, through the interaction and creativity of its users. In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death. ==Biography== ===Early years=== Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the son of Mark Zamenhof and Rozalia Zamenhof (), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok in the Russian Empire (now Białystok in Poland).
As one of its social principles, the Baháʼí faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations. Zamenhof's grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (Adam's son), lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019.
As of 2020 Louis-Christophe's daughter, Margaret Zaleski-Zamenhof, is active in the Esperanto movement. ===Religious philosophy=== Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called Homaranismo (the term in Esperanto, usually rendered as "humanitism" in English, sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder.
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