Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999) Haas, Ernst B.
House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919 (University of Nebraska Press, 2013). Callahan, Michael D.
These were of the nature of both a treaty and a constitution, which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the International Court. The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, entered into force on 28 June 1919.
The Turkish territories were allotted among the Allied Powers at the San Remo conference in 1920. ==Types of mandates== The League of Nations decided the exact level of control by the Mandatory power over each mandate on an individual basis.
(The UN Security Council ratified termination of trusteeship, effectively dissolving trusteeship status, on 10 July 1987).
The territory finally attained independence in 1990 as Namibia, after a long guerrilla war of independence against the apartheid regime. Nearly all the former League of Nations mandates had become sovereign states by 1990, including all of the former United Nations Trust Territories with the exception of a few successor entities of the gradually dismembered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (formerly Japan's South Pacific Trust Mandate).
territory with its [of state] being the President of the United States and federal funds to the Commonwealth administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the United States Department of the Interior. Remnant Micronesia and the Marshall Islands, the heirs of the last territories of the Trust, attained final independence on 22 December 1990.
The Republic of Palau, split off from the Federated States of Micronesia, became the last to get its independence effectively on 1 October 1994. ==Bibliography== ===Sources and references=== Nele Matz, Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship, in: A.
Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999) Haas, Ernst B.
Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 47–95. Pugh, Jeffrey, “Whose Brother’s Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories,” International Studies Perspectives 13, no.
4 (November 2012): 321–343. Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in «Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei», n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122. Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513 (2002) ===Further reading=== Bruce, Scot David, Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M.
4 (November 2012): 321–343. Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in «Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei», n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122. Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513 (2002) ===Further reading=== Bruce, Scot David, Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M.
House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919 (University of Nebraska Press, 2013). Callahan, Michael D.
The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015) Sluglett, Peter.
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