The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879–1921, 1954. Isaac Deutscher.
The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin: 1917–1929, 1979. Other authors Paul Blackledge.
In The Nationalities Question in the Russian Revolution (1918), Rosa Luxemburg criticised the Bolsheviks for the suppression of the All Russian Constituent Assembly (January 1918); the partitioning of the feudal estates to the peasant communes; and the right of self-determination of every national people of the Russias.
Trotsky described Stailinist vacillation as a symptom of the undemocratic nature of a ruling bureaucracy. During the 1920s and the 1930s, Stalin fought and defeated the political influence of Trotsky and the Trotskyists in Russia, by means of slander, antisemitism, and censorship, expulsions, exile (internal and external), and imprisonment.
Democratic debate was Bolshevik practice, even after Lenin banned factions among the Party in 1921.
In March 1921, the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921–1929) allowed limited, local capitalism (private commerce and internal free-trade) and replaced grain requisitions with an agricultural tax managed by state banks.
The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929, 1959. Moshe Lewin.
Conversely, Trotsky held that socialism in one country would economically constrain the industrial development of the Soviet Union and thus required assistance from the new socialist countries in the developed world—which was essential for maintaining soviet democracy—in 1924 much undermined by the Russian Civil War of White Army counter-revolution.
Despite the failure, Stalin's policy of mixed-ideology political alliances nonetheless became Comintern policy. Until exiled from Russia in 1929, Trotsky developed and led the Left Opposition (and the later Joint Opposition) with members of the Workers' Opposition, the Decembrists and (later) the Zinovievists.
Trotsky described Stailinist vacillation as a symptom of the undemocratic nature of a ruling bureaucracy. During the 1920s and the 1930s, Stalin fought and defeated the political influence of Trotsky and the Trotskyists in Russia, by means of slander, antisemitism, and censorship, expulsions, exile (internal and external), and imprisonment.
The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879–1921, 1954. Isaac Deutscher.
The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929, 1959. Moshe Lewin.
Lenin's Last Struggle, 1969. Edward Hallett Carr.
The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin: 1917–1929, 1979. Other authors Paul Blackledge.
. Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils (texts by Gorter, Pannekoek, Pankhurst and Rühle), Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007.
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