Heinlein in his 1966 novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, sometimes dubbed "a manifesto for a libertarian revolution".
Crane (who in the 1970s had been the party's first Executive Director) and some of his allies resigned from the party in 1983 when their preferred candidates for national committee seats lost in the elections at the national convention.
The party was conceived in August 1971 at meetings in the home of David F.
Nolan in Westminster, Colorado, and was officially formed on December 11, 1971 in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
states Third parties in the United States == Notes == == References == == Further reading == == External links == Libertarian Party Platform Archive Libertarian parties in the United States Non-interventionist parties Political parties established in 1971 Political parties in the United States
The first electoral vote for a woman was that for Tonie Nathan of the party for vice president in the 1972 United States presidential election due to a faithless elector supporter who eschewed his expected vote for Richard Nixon.
House of Representatives in 2021 after choosing not to seek re-election. == History == The first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972.
The bill was the first to gain support of members from the Democratic, Republican and Libertarian parties in the history of the United States Congress. == Name and symbols == In 1972, "Libertarian Party" was chosen as the party's name, selected over "New Liberty Party".
The slogan of the party is "The Party of Principle". Also in 1972, the "Libersign"—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation "TANSTAAFL"—was adopted as a party symbol.
In both cases, a compromise was reached. == Size and influence == === Presidential candidate performance === The first Libertarian presidential candidate, John Hospers, received one electoral vote in 1972 when Roger MacBride, a Virginia Republican faithless elector pledged to Richard Nixon, cast his ballot for the Libertarian ticket.
Early platform debates included at the second convention whether to support tax resistance and at the 1974 convention whether to support anarchism.
In 1974, anarchists and minarchists within the party agreed to officially take no position on whether or not government should exist at all and to not advocate either particular view.
MacBride became the Libertarian nominee himself in 1976.
In 1978, Dick Randolph of Alaska became the first elected Libertarian state legislator.
Libertarians won four elections to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992.
Following the 1980 federal elections, the Libertarian Party assumed the title of being the third-largest party for the first time after the American Independent Party and the Conservative Party of New York (the other largest minor parties at the time) continued to decline.
The Massachusetts Libertarian Party was one of the few organizations to support a 1980s campaign to repeal prostitution laws. ==== Second and Fourth Amendment rights ==== The Libertarian Party affirms an individual's right recognized by the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms and opposes the prosecution of individuals for exercising their rights of self-defense.
Crane (who in the 1970s had been the party's first Executive Director) and some of his allies resigned from the party in 1983 when their preferred candidates for national committee seats lost in the elections at the national convention.
Libertarians won four elections to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992.
Norma Jean Almodovar, a former officer with the Los Angeles Police Department and former call girl who authored the book From Cop to Call Girl about her experiences, ran on the Libertarian Party ticket for California lieutenant governor in 1986 and was actively supported by the party.
Ron Paul, one of the former presidential nominees of the Libertarian Party in 1988, is strictly anti-abortion.
By the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the "Torch Eagle" logo. In the 1990s, several state Libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin ("LP") as their official mascot.
During the mid-1980s and into the early 1990s, this membership category was called an "instant" membership, but these are referred to as "signature members".
Libertarians won four elections to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992.
In July 2016 and June 2017, the Libertarians tied their 1992 peak of four legislators when four state legislators from four different states left the Republican Party to join the Libertarian Party: Nevada Assemblyman John Moore in January, Nebraska Senator Laura Ebke (although the Nebraska Legislature is officially non-partisan) and New Hampshire Representative Max Abramson in May and Utah Senator Mark B.
New Hampshire State Legislator Brandon Phinney joined with the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in June 2017, the third to do so in 2017 and matching their 1992 and 2016 peaks of sitting Libertarian state legislators. In January 2018, sitting New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands Aubrey Dunn Jr.
In 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time.
In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first third party to earn ballot status in all 50 states two presidential elections in a row.
Neil Randall, a Libertarian, won the election to the Vermont House of Representatives in 1998 running on both the Libertarian and Republican lines.
In the 2020 United States elections, the Libertarians gained a seat in the Wyoming House of Representatives, giving them their first state legislative win since 2000.
In 2000, Steve Vaillancourt won election to the New Hampshire General Court running on the Libertarian ballot line.
The party has nominated both Pro-Life and Pro-Choice candidates and does not take a strong stance on the issue in general. ==== Crime and capital punishment ==== Shortly before the 2000 elections, the party released a "Libertarian Party Program on Crime" in which they criticize the failures of a recently proposed Omnibus Crime Bill, especially detailing how it expands the list of capital crimes.
This platform, along with a short Summary for talking points, was approved in 2004.
Another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006 and inspired by the logo of the Free State Project (FSP). == Structure and composition == The Libertarian Party is democratically governed by its members, with state affiliate parties each holding annual or biennial conventions at which delegates are elected to attend the party's biennial national convention.
Since 2006, membership in the party's state affiliates has been separate from membership in the national party, with each state chapter maintaining its own membership rolls. Most rights to participate in the governance of the party are limited to "bylaws-sustaining members" who have either purchased a lifetime membership or donated at least $25 within the past year.
Confusion arose when prior to the 2006 convention there was a push to repeal or substantially rewrite the Platform, at the center of which were groups such as the Libertarian Reform Caucus.
LPRadicals emerged in response and was active at the 2008 and 2010 Libertarian National Conventions.
With regard to non-discrimination laws protecting LGBT people, the party is more divided, with some Libertarians supporting such laws, and others opposing them on the grounds that they violate freedom of association. In 2009, the Libertarian Party of Washington encouraged voters to approve Washington Referendum 71 that extended LGBT relationship rights.
In September 2010, in the light of the failure to repeal the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy (which banned openly gay people from serving in the military) during the Obama administration, the Libertarian Party urged gay voters to stop supporting the Democratic Party and vote Libertarian instead.
The policy was repealed at the end of 2010. ==== Pornography and prostitution ==== The Libertarian Party views attempts by government to control obscenity or pornography as "an abridgment of liberty of expression" and opposes any government intervention to regulate it.
LPRadicals emerged in response and was active at the 2008 and 2010 Libertarian National Conventions.
Gordon was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011.
Libertarian candidates have promised to cut foreign aid and withdraw American troops from the Middle East and other areas throughout the world. The Libertarian Party opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya and LP Chair Mark Hinkle in a statement described the position of the Libertarian Party: "President Obama's decision to order military attacks on Libya is only surprising to those who actually think he deserved the Nobel Peace Prize.
Gary Johnson, the party's presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, claims that the Libertarian Party is more culturally liberal than Democrats, and more fiscally conservative than Republicans.
Gary Johnson, the party's 2012 and 2016 presidential candidate, is pro-abortion rights, as were most of the party's past nominees other than Paul. The Statement of Principles was written by John Hospers.
By the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the "Torch Eagle" logo. In the 1990s, several state Libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin ("LP") as their official mascot.
Gary Johnson, the party's presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, claims that the Libertarian Party is more culturally liberal than Democrats, and more fiscally conservative than Republicans.
He was renominated for president in 2016, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor William Weld as his running mate.
Both Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein received significantly more news coverage in 2016 than third-party candidates usually get, with polls showing both candidates potentially increasing their support over the last election, especially among younger voters. The Libertarian Party has had significant electoral success in the context of state legislatures and other local offices.
In July 2016 and June 2017, the Libertarians tied their 1992 peak of four legislators when four state legislators from four different states left the Republican Party to join the Libertarian Party: Nevada Assemblyman John Moore in January, Nebraska Senator Laura Ebke (although the Nebraska Legislature is officially non-partisan) and New Hampshire Representative Max Abramson in May and Utah Senator Mark B.
In the 2016 election cycle, Madsen and Abramson did not run for re-election to their respective offices while Moore lost his race after the Libertarian Party officially censured him over his support of taxpayer stadium funding.
Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016.
New Hampshire State Legislator Brandon Phinney joined with the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in June 2017, the third to do so in 2017 and matching their 1992 and 2016 peaks of sitting Libertarian state legislators. In January 2018, sitting New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands Aubrey Dunn Jr.
Gary Johnson, the party's 2012 and 2016 presidential candidate, is pro-abortion rights, as were most of the party's past nominees other than Paul. The Statement of Principles was written by John Hospers.
In 2016, the party expanded their platform to officially support the repeal of capital punishment. ==== Freedom of speech and censorship ==== The Libertarian Party supports unrestricted freedom of speech and is opposed to any kind of censorship.
In its most recent incarnation, the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus was founded with the stated goal to "support the re-radicalization of the LP." At the 2016 Libertarian National Convention, the Radical Caucus endorsed Darryl W.
In July 2016 and June 2017, the Libertarians tied their 1992 peak of four legislators when four state legislators from four different states left the Republican Party to join the Libertarian Party: Nevada Assemblyman John Moore in January, Nebraska Senator Laura Ebke (although the Nebraska Legislature is officially non-partisan) and New Hampshire Representative Max Abramson in May and Utah Senator Mark B.
Dyer changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017.
New Hampshire Representative Joseph Stallcop changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Democratic Party in May 2017.
New Hampshire State Legislator Brandon Phinney joined with the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in June 2017, the third to do so in 2017 and matching their 1992 and 2016 peaks of sitting Libertarian state legislators. In January 2018, sitting New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands Aubrey Dunn Jr.
New Hampshire State Legislator Brandon Phinney joined with the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in June 2017, the third to do so in 2017 and matching their 1992 and 2016 peaks of sitting Libertarian state legislators. In January 2018, sitting New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands Aubrey Dunn Jr.
In 2018, the Libertarian Party became the first in the United States to call for the decriminalization of sex work.
In the 2020 United States elections, the Libertarians gained a seat in the Wyoming House of Representatives, giving them their first state legislative win since 2000.
As of 2020, there were 224 Libertarians holding elected office: 96 of them partisan offices and 128 of them non-partisan offices.
The first (and so far only) Libertarian in Congress was Justin Amash, who joined the Libertarian Party in 2020 and left the U.S.
changed party affiliation from Republican to the Libertarian Party, becoming the first Libertarian statewide officeholder in history. In April 2020, Representative Justin Amash of Michigan became the first Libertarian member of Congress after leaving the Republican Party and spending time as an independent.
In June 2020, Amash, with Ayanna Pressley of the Democratic Party, introduced the Ending Qualified Immunity Act in response to the murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer.
House of Representatives in 2021 after choosing not to seek re-election. == History == The first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972.
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