Other well-known examples of liquid crystals are solutions of soap and various related detergents, as well as the tobacco mosaic virus, and some clays. ==History== In 1888, Austrian botanical physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer, working at the Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, examined the physico-chemical properties of various derivatives of cholesterol which now belong to the class of materials known as cholesteric liquid crystals.
Seeking help from a physicist, on March 14, 1888, he wrote to Otto Lehmann, at that time a Privatdozent in Aachen.
By the end of August 1889 he had published his results in the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. Lehmann's work was continued and significantly expanded by the German chemist Daniel Vorländer, who from the beginning of the 20th century until he retired in 1935, had synthesized most of the liquid crystals known.
By the end of August 1889 he had published his results in the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. Lehmann's work was continued and significantly expanded by the German chemist Daniel Vorländer, who from the beginning of the 20th century until he retired in 1935, had synthesized most of the liquid crystals known.
George William Gray, a prominent researcher of liquid crystals, began investigating these materials in England in the late 1940s.
Brown, starting in 1953 at the University of Cincinnati and later at Kent State University.
This conference marked the beginning of a worldwide effort to perform research in this field, which soon led to the development of practical applications for these unique materials. Liquid crystal materials became a focus of research in the development of flat panel electronic displays beginning in 1962 at RCA Laboratories.
In 1965, he organized the first international conference on liquid crystals, in Kent, Ohio, with about 100 of the world's top liquid crystal scientists in attendance.
A material that could be operated at room temperature was clearly needed. In 1966, Joel E.
This technique of mixing nematic compounds to obtain wide operating temperature range eventually became the industry standard and is still used to tailor materials to meet specific applications. In 1969, Hans Kelker succeeded in synthesizing a substance that had a nematic phase at room temperature, MBBA, which is one of the most popular subjects of liquid crystal research.
That work with Ken Harrison and the UK MOD (RRE Malvern), in 1973, led to design of new materials resulting in rapid adoption of small area LCDs within electronic products. These molecules are rod-shaped, some created in the laboratory and some appearing spontaneously in nature.
It was theoretically predicted in 1981 that these phases can possess icosahedral symmetry similar to quasicrystals. Although blue phases are of interest for fast light modulators or tunable photonic crystals, they exist in a very narrow temperature range, usually less than a few kelvins.
In May 2008, the first Blue Phase Mode LCD panel had been developed. Blue Phase crystals, being a periodic cubic structure with a bandgap in the visible wavelength range, can be considered as 3D photonic crystals.
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