He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp. McCarthy's original notation used bracketed "M-expressions" that would be translated into S-expressions.
He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp. McCarthy's original notation used bracketed "M-expressions" that would be translated into S-expressions.
Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest [programming language] in widespread use today.
A function call or syntactic form is written as a list with the function or operator's name first, and the arguments following; for instance, a function that takes three arguments would be called as . ==History== John McCarthy developed Lisp in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I".
Lisp dialects still use and ( and ) for the operations that return the first item in a list and the rest of the list, respectively. The first complete Lisp compiler, written in Lisp, was implemented in 1962 by Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT.
In the 1970s, as AI research spawned commercial offshoots, the performance of existing Lisp systems became a growing issue. ===Genealogy and variants=== Over its sixty-year history, Lisp has spawned many variations on the core theme of an S-expression language.
The language used in Hart and Levin's memo is much closer to modern Lisp style than McCarthy's earlier code. The first garbage collection routines were developed by MIT graduate student Daniel Edwards. During the 1980s and 1990s, a great effort was made to unify the work on new Lisp dialects (mostly successors to Maclisp such as ZetaLisp and NIL (New Implementation of Lisp) into a single language.
The language used in Hart and Levin's memo is much closer to modern Lisp style than McCarthy's earlier code. The first garbage collection routines were developed by MIT graduate student Daniel Edwards. During the 1980s and 1990s, a great effort was made to unify the work on new Lisp dialects (mostly successors to Maclisp such as ZetaLisp and NIL (New Implementation of Lisp) into a single language.
It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of the entire Jak and Daxter series of games. ===2000 to present=== After having declined somewhat in the 1990s, Lisp has experienced a resurgence of interest after 2000.
In 1994, ANSI published the Common Lisp standard, "ANSI X3.226-1994 Information Technology Programming Language Common Lisp". === Timeline === ===Connection to artificial intelligence=== Since inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence research community, especially on PDP-10 systems.
It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of the entire Jak and Daxter series of games. ===2000 to present=== After having declined somewhat in the 1990s, Lisp has experienced a resurgence of interest after 2000.
Several significant new implementations (Chicken, Gambit, Gauche, Ikarus, Larceny, Ypsilon) have been developed in the 2000s (decade).
A new language standardization process was started in 2003 and led to the R6RS Scheme standard in 2007.
A new language standardization process was started in 2003 and led to the R6RS Scheme standard in 2007.
The parser for Julia is implemented in Femtolisp, a dialect of Scheme (Julia is inspired by Scheme, which in turn is a Lisp dialect). In October 2019, Paul Graham released a specification for Bel, "a new dialect of Lisp." ==Major dialects== Common Lisp and Scheme represent two major streams of Lisp development.
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