By 1721 they built a wooden lighthouse-type structure here to guide ships on the river. A royal ordinance of 1722—following the Crown's transfer of the Illinois Country's governance from Canada to Louisiana—may have featured the broadest definition of Louisiana: all land claimed by France south of the Great Lakes between the Rocky Mountains and the Alleghenies.
By the end of 1721, New Orleans counted 1,256 inhabitants, of whom about half were slaves. In 1724, the French government issued a law called the Code Noir ("Black Code" in English) which "regulate[d] the interaction of whites [blancs] and blacks [noirs] in its colony of Louisiana (which was much larger than the current state of Louisiana).
By 1721 they built a wooden lighthouse-type structure here to guide ships on the river. A royal ordinance of 1722—following the Crown's transfer of the Illinois Country's governance from Canada to Louisiana—may have featured the broadest definition of Louisiana: all land claimed by France south of the Great Lakes between the Rocky Mountains and the Alleghenies.
Recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, and wanting to protect the capital from severe coastal storms, France developed New Orleans from 1722 as the seat of civilian and military authority south of the Great Lakes.
By the end of 1721, New Orleans counted 1,256 inhabitants, of whom about half were slaves. In 1724, the French government issued a law called the Code Noir ("Black Code" in English) which "regulate[d] the interaction of whites [blancs] and blacks [noirs] in its colony of Louisiana (which was much larger than the current state of Louisiana).
Some priests continued to perform interracial marriage ceremonies, for example, and some slaveholders continued to manumit slaves without permission while others punished slaves brutally. Article II of the Code Noir of 1724 required owners to provide their slaves with religious education in the state religion, Roman Catholicism.
During the 1740s economic crisis in the colony, owners had trouble feeding their slaves and themselves.
A generation later, trade conflicts between Canada and Louisiana led to a more defined boundary between the French colonies; in 1745, Louisiana governor general Vaudreuil set the northern and eastern bounds of his domain as the Wabash valley up to the mouth of the Vermilion River (near present-day Danville, Illinois); from there, northwest to le Rocher on the Illinois River, and from there west to the mouth of the Rock River (at present day Rock Island, Illinois).
In this group, the explorer Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz may be the first historian of Louisiana with his Histoire de la Louisiane (3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763) François Xavier Martin's History of Louisiana (2 vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed.
The settlement may have been formed as early as 1763 or 1765 by the Filipino deserters and escaped slaves of the Spanish Manila Galleon trade.
After the British defeated France in the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) in 1763, France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain.
In this group, the explorer Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz may be the first historian of Louisiana with his Histoire de la Louisiane (3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763) François Xavier Martin's History of Louisiana (2 vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed.
The transfer of power on either side of the river would be delayed until later in the decade. In 1765, during Spanish rule, several thousand Acadians from the French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) made their way to Louisiana after having been expelled from Acadia by the British government after the French and Indian War.
The settlement may have been formed as early as 1763 or 1765 by the Filipino deserters and escaped slaves of the Spanish Manila Galleon trade.
After sales in New Orleans, steamboats operating on the Mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or plantation destinations at Natchez and Memphis. ===Haitian migration and influence=== Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800.
The governor Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga, eager to gain more settlers, welcomed the Acadians, who became the ancestors of Louisiana's Cajuns. Spanish Canary Islanders, called Isleños, emigrated from the Canary Islands of Spain to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783.
Its members are descendants of colonists from the Canary Islands who settled in Spanish Louisiana between 1778 and 1783 and intermarried with other communities such as Frenchman, Acadians, Creoles, Spaniards, and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. In Louisiana, the Isleños originally settled in four communities which included Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo.
The oldest Louisiana manuscript to use the word "Creole", from 1782, applied it to a slave born in the French colony.
The governor Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga, eager to gain more settlers, welcomed the Acadians, who became the ancestors of Louisiana's Cajuns. Spanish Canary Islanders, called Isleños, emigrated from the Canary Islands of Spain to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783.
Its members are descendants of colonists from the Canary Islands who settled in Spanish Louisiana between 1778 and 1783 and intermarried with other communities such as Frenchman, Acadians, Creoles, Spaniards, and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. In Louisiana, the Isleños originally settled in four communities which included Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo.
Beginning in the 1790s, waves of immigration took place from Saint-Domingue, following a slave rebellion that started in 1791.
Beginning in the 1790s, waves of immigration took place from Saint-Domingue, following a slave rebellion that started in 1791.
In 1800, France's Napoleon Bonaparte reacquired Louisiana from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonso, an arrangement kept secret for two years. ===Expansion of slavery=== Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville brought the first two African slaves to Louisiana in 1708, transporting them from a French colony in the West Indies.
After sales in New Orleans, steamboats operating on the Mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or plantation destinations at Natchez and Memphis. ===Haitian migration and influence=== Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800.
As described by historian Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, they developed a marked Afro-Creole culture in the colonial era. At the turn of the 18th century and in the early 1800s, New Orleans received a major influx of white and mixed-race refugees fleeing the violence of the Haitian Revolution, many of whom brought their slaves with them.
In October 1801 he sent a large military force to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion. When the army led by Napoleon's brother-in-law Leclerc was defeated, Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana. Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, was disturbed by Napoleon's plans to re-establish French colonies in America.
By the terms of the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Great Britain returned control of the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe to the French.
On October 18, 1802, however, Juan Ventura Morales, Acting Intendant of Louisiana, made public the intention of Spain to revoke the right of deposit at New Orleans for all cargo from the United States.
Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the present-day State of Louisiana had been both a French colony and for a brief period a Spanish one.
The word "maroon" comes from the Spanish "cimarron", meaning "fugitive cattle". In the late 18th century, the last Spanish governor of the Louisiana territory wrote: When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, it was soon accepted that enslaved Africans could be brought to Louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboring Mississippi, though it violated U.S.
In 1803, France pulled out its surviving troops from the island, having suffered the loss of two-thirds sent to the island two years before, mostly to yellow fever.
Jefferson also raised the authorized expenditure to $10million. However, on April 11, 1803, French Foreign Minister Talleyrand surprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered).
Senate ratified the Louisiana treaty on October 20, 1803. By statute enacted on October 31, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson was authorized to take possession of the territories ceded by France and provide for initial governance.
A transfer ceremony was held in New Orleans on November 29, 1803.
English and its associated dialects became predominant after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, after which the area became dominated by numerous English speakers.
Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States had purchased and annexed Louisiana in 1803. While the Louisiana Civil Code of 1808 has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment, it is still considered the controlling authority in the state.
Louis on March 9, 1804, when a French tricolor was raised near the river, replacing the Spanish national flag.
It opened the way for the eventual expansion of the United States across the continent to the Pacific. Shortly after the United States took possession, the area was divided into two territories along the 33rd parallel north on March 26, 1804, thereby organizing the Territory of Orleans to the south and the District of Louisiana (subsequently formed as the Louisiana Territory) to the north.
Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States had purchased and annexed Louisiana in 1803. While the Louisiana Civil Code of 1808 has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment, it is still considered the controlling authority in the state.
On balance, the Code benefitted the owners but had more protections and flexibility than did the institution of slavery in the southern Thirteen Colonies. The Louisiana Black Code of 1806 made the cruel punishment of slaves a crime, but owners and overseers were seldom prosecuted for such acts. Fugitive slaves, called maroons, could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements.
and Great Britain enacted in 1807.
Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States had purchased and annexed Louisiana in 1803. While the Louisiana Civil Code of 1808 has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment, it is still considered the controlling authority in the state.
by Yiannopoulos) Rodolfo Batiza, "The Louisiana Civil Code of 1808: Its Actual Sources and Present Relevance", 46 TUL.
4 (1971); Rodolfo Batiza, "Sources of the Civil Code of 1808, Facts and Speculation: A Rejoinder", 46 TUL.
Pascal, Sources of the Digest of 1808: A Reply to Professor Batiza, 46 TUL.
Sweeney, Tournament of Scholars Over the Sources of the Civil Code of 1808,46 TUL.
An area known as the Florida Parishes, containing the area previously known as the Republic of West Florida, was annexed into the Territory of Mississippi on April 14, 1812. ===Statehood=== Louisiana became the eighteenth U.S.
The State Constitution of 1812 gave English official status in legal proceedings, but use of French remained widespread.
In this group, the explorer Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz may be the first historian of Louisiana with his Histoire de la Louisiane (3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763) François Xavier Martin's History of Louisiana (2 vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed.
The United States continued to protect the domestic slave trade, including the coastwise trade—the transport of slaves by ship along the Atlantic Coast and to New Orleans and other Gulf ports. By 1840, New Orleans had the biggest slave market in the United States, which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state.
Development, construction, improvement, expansion, and maintenance of an efficient, safe, and well-maintained intermodal transportation system is essential to promote Louisiana's economic growth and the ability of Louisiana's business and industry to compete in regional, national, and global markets and to provide a high quality of life for the people of Louisiana." ==Law and government== In 1849, the state moved the capital from New Orleans to Baton Rouge.
The strong economic interest of elite whites in maintaining the slave society contributed to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union on January 26, 1861.
Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of the Confederate States of America. The state was quickly defeated in the Civil War, a result of Union strategy to cut the Confederacy in two by seizing the Mississippi.
Federal troops captured New Orleans on April 25, 1862.
Senate before the American Civil War and then became the Confederate secretary of state; Democrat-turned-Republican Michael Hahn who was elected as governor, serving 1864–1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S.
They refused to extend voting rights to African Americans who had been free before the war and had sometimes obtained education and property (as in New Orleans.) Following the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot the same year, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed that provided suffrage and full citizenship for freedmen.
585 (1972). The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is Charles Gayarré's History of Louisiana (various editions, culminating in 1866, 4 vols., with a posthumous and further expanded edition in 1885). A number of accounts by 17th- and 18th-century French explorers: Jean-Bernard Bossu, François-Marie Perrin du Lac, Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Dumont (as published by Fr.
The 1868 constitution, passed during the Reconstruction era before Louisiana was re-admitted to the Union, banned laws requiring the publication of legal proceedings in languages other than English.
Harris, who took office in 1868 during Reconstruction, was chosen by the state legislature under the rules of the 19th century. Louisiana is unique among U.S.
White insurgents mobilized to enforce white supremacy, first in Ku Klux Klan chapters. By 1877, when federal forces were withdrawn, white Democrats in Louisiana and other states had regained control of state legislatures, often by paramilitary groups such as the White League, which suppressed black voting through intimidation and violence.
Senate before the American Civil War and then became the Confederate secretary of state; Democrat-turned-Republican Michael Hahn who was elected as governor, serving 1864–1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S.
585 (1972). The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is Charles Gayarré's History of Louisiana (various editions, culminating in 1866, 4 vols., with a posthumous and further expanded edition in 1885). A number of accounts by 17th- and 18th-century French explorers: Jean-Bernard Bossu, François-Marie Perrin du Lac, Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Dumont (as published by Fr.
Following Mississippi's example in 1890, in 1898, the white Democratic, planter-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised people of color, by raising barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes, residency requirements and literacy tests.
House of Representatives from 1891 until his death in 1908; Republican secretary of state Jay Dardenne (1954–), and Republican (Democrat before 2011) attorney general Buddy Caldwell (1946–). Other non-Christian religions are also primarily established in the metropolitan areas of Louisiana, including Islam and Hinduism.
In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided. The state population in 1900 was 47% African-American: a total of 652,013 citizens.
Following Mississippi's example in 1890, in 1898, the white Democratic, planter-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised people of color, by raising barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes, residency requirements and literacy tests.
Louisiana is a community property state. ===Elections=== From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution, this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats.
Louisiana's highest recorded temperature is in Plain Dealing on August 10, 1936, while the coldest recorded temperature is at Minden on February 13, 1899. Louisiana is often affected by tropical cyclones and is very vulnerable to strikes by major hurricanes, particularly the lowlands around and in the New Orleans area.
In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided. The state population in 1900 was 47% African-American: a total of 652,013 citizens.
By 1900, two years after the new constitution, only 5,320 black voters were registered in the state.
House of Representatives from 1891 until his death in 1908; Republican secretary of state Jay Dardenne (1954–), and Republican (Democrat before 2011) attorney general Buddy Caldwell (1946–). Other non-Christian religions are also primarily established in the metropolitan areas of Louisiana, including Islam and Hinduism.
Because of disfranchisement, by 1910 there were only 730 black voters (less than 0.5 percent of eligible African-American men), despite advances in education and literacy among blacks and people of color.
In multiple acts of resistance, blacks left behind the segregation, violence and oppression of the state and moved out to seek better opportunities in northern and western industrial cities during the Great Migrations of 1910–1970, markedly reducing their proportion of population in Louisiana.
40,000 people were left homeless and more than 300 people in the state died. August 15–17, 1915: A hurricane made landfall just west of Galveston.
Since that period, blacks entered the political system and began to be elected to office, as well as having other opportunities. On May 21, 1919, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women full rights to vote, was passed at a national level, and was made the law throughout the United States on August 18, 1920.
Since that period, blacks entered the political system and began to be elected to office, as well as having other opportunities. On May 21, 1919, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women full rights to vote, was passed at a national level, and was made the law throughout the United States on August 18, 1920.
In the post-Civil War environment, Anglo-Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974.
It began in 1922 with the creation of the Highway Commission.
In 1927, a second branch, the Bureau of Criminal Investigations, was formed.
The mechanization of agriculture in the 1930s had sharply cut the need for laborers.
From 1932 to 2010 the state lost 1,800 square miles due to rises in sea level and erosion.
In 1932, the State Highway Patrol was authorized to carry weapons. On July 28, 1936, the two branches were consolidated to form the Louisiana Department of State Police; its motto was "courtesy, loyalty, service".
Long's rule ended abruptly when he was assassinated in the state capitol in 1935. ===Post-World War II=== Mobilization for World War II created jobs in the state.
Louisiana's highest recorded temperature is in Plain Dealing on August 10, 1936, while the coldest recorded temperature is at Minden on February 13, 1899. Louisiana is often affected by tropical cyclones and is very vulnerable to strikes by major hurricanes, particularly the lowlands around and in the New Orleans area.
In 1932, the State Highway Patrol was authorized to carry weapons. On July 28, 1936, the two branches were consolidated to form the Louisiana Department of State Police; its motto was "courtesy, loyalty, service".
Also, New Orleans has hosted the Super Bowl a record seven times, as well as the BCS National Championship Game, NBA All-Star Game and NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship. The Zurich Classic of New Orleans, is a PGA Tour golf tournament held since 1938.
Beginning in the 1940s, blacks went West to California for jobs in its expanding defense industries. During some of the Great Depression, Louisiana was led by Governor Huey Long.
Many African Americans left the state in the Second Great Migration, from the 1940s through the 1960s to escape social oppression and seek better jobs.
The petroleum and gas industry, as well as its subsidiary industries such as transport and refining, have dominated Louisiana's economy since the 1940s.
In 1942, this office was abolished and became a division of the Department of Public Safety, called the Louisiana State Police.
The aircraft wreckage and the site of the accident were contaminated after a limited explosion of non-nuclear material. In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration.
Beginning in 1950, Louisiana was sued several times by the U.S.
The death toll in the state was 76. June 25, 1957, Audrey (Category3) devastated southwest Louisiana, destroying or severely damaging 60–80 percent of the homes and businesses from Cameron to Grand Chenier.
They sought skilled jobs in the defense industry in California, better education for their children, and living in communities where they could vote. On November 26, 1958, at Chennault Air Force Base, a USAF B-47 bomber with a nuclear weapon on board developed a fire while on the ground.
Many African Americans left the state in the Second Great Migration, from the 1940s through the 1960s to escape social oppression and seek better jobs.
In 1960 the state established the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, to investigate civil rights activists and maintain segregation. Despite this, gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, and it was 32% by 1964, when the first national civil rights legislation of the era was passed.
Other chapters were formed in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in Louisiana had dropped to 32%.
Based on official census figures, the African American population in 1970 stood at 1,085,109, a net gain of more than 46,000 people compared to 1960.
The franchise for whites was expanded somewhat during these decades, but blacks remained essentially disfranchised until after the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century, gaining enforcement of their constitutional rights through passage by Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Since the 1960s, when civil rights legislation was passed under President Lyndon Johnson to protect voting and civil rights, most African Americans in the state have affiliated with the Democratic Party.
In 1960 the state established the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, to investigate civil rights activists and maintain segregation. Despite this, gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, and it was 32% by 1964, when the first national civil rights legislation of the era was passed.
The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% in Evangeline Parish to 1.7% in Tensas Parish, for instance, where there were white efforts to suppress the vote in the black-majority parish. Violent attacks on civil rights activists in two mill towns were catalysts to the founding of the first two chapters of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in late 1964 and early 1965, in Jonesboro and Bogalusa, respectively.
Continued violent white resistance in Bogalusa to blacks trying to use public facilities in 1965, following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, caused the federal government to order local police to protect the activists.
White Democrats had established one-party Democratic rule, which they maintained in the state for decades deep into the 20th century until after congressional passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act provided federal oversight and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote. In the early decades of the 20th century, thousands of African Americans left Louisiana in the Great Migration north to industrial cities for jobs and education, and to escape Jim Crow society and lynchings.
The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% in Evangeline Parish to 1.7% in Tensas Parish, for instance, where there were white efforts to suppress the vote in the black-majority parish. Violent attacks on civil rights activists in two mill towns were catalysts to the founding of the first two chapters of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in late 1964 and early 1965, in Jonesboro and Bogalusa, respectively.
Continued violent white resistance in Bogalusa to blacks trying to use public facilities in 1965, following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, caused the federal government to order local police to protect the activists.
Because of better opportunities elsewhere, from 1965 to 1970, blacks continued to migrate out of Louisiana, for a net loss of more than 37,000 people.
New Orleans remained dry, with the exception of mild rain-generated flooding in the most low-lying areas. September 9, 1965, Betsy (Category4 at landfall) came ashore near Grand Isle, causing massive destruction as the first hurricane in history to cause a billion dollars in damage.
Louisiana is a community property state. ===Elections=== From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution, this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats.
The franchise for whites was expanded somewhat during these decades, but blacks remained essentially disfranchised until after the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century, gaining enforcement of their constitutional rights through passage by Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Since the 1960s, when civil rights legislation was passed under President Lyndon Johnson to protect voting and civil rights, most African Americans in the state have affiliated with the Democratic Party.
It killed four people; knocked out power to nearly 150,000 citizens; and destroyed crops worth hundreds of millions of dollars. August 17, 1969, Camille (Category5) caused a storm surge and killed 250 people.
Because of better opportunities elsewhere, from 1965 to 1970, blacks continued to migrate out of Louisiana, for a net loss of more than 37,000 people.
Based on official census figures, the African American population in 1970 stood at 1,085,109, a net gain of more than 46,000 people compared to 1960.
Louisiana finally ratified the amendment on June 11, 1970. Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes.
These control vast stores of reservoirs of petroleum and natural gas. When petroleum and gas boomed in the 1970s, so did Louisiana's economy.
For example, in the 1970s over 40 percent of Louisiana's state revenues came directly from severance taxes and mineral royalties.
Until the 1970s, the term "Cajun" was considered somewhat derogatory. ===Isleño culture=== A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the Isleños.
In the post-Civil War environment, Anglo-Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974.
Since the 1980s, these industries' headquarters have consolidated in Houston, but many of the jobs that operate or provide logistical support to the U.S.
In 1988, the Criminal Investigation Bureau was reorganized.
In 2018, Louisiana was ranked as the least healthy state in the country, with high levels of drug-related deaths and excessive alcohol consumption, while it has had the highest homicide rate in the United States since at least the 1990s. ==Etymology== Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715.
Louisiana residents relocated across the country for temporary housing, and many have not returned. October 3, 2002, Lili (Category1 at landfall) August 25, 1992, Andrew (Category3 at landfall) struck south-central Louisiana.
This ranks the state fourth highest nationally and represents a rise from 1995 when Louisiana received $1.35 per dollar of taxes in federal spending (ranked seventh nationally).
IAAF male World Athlete of the Year 2020 Mannie Fresh; DJ, producer, and rapper Kevin Gates; rapper, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur Angela Kinsey, actress Ali Landry, actress and Miss USA 1996 Jared Leto, actor and musician Huey Long, politician Peyton Manning, former American football quarterback Tim McGraw, singer, actor and record producer Tyler Perry, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter Fred L.
Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are still based mostly on traditional Roman legal thinking. ===Marriage=== In 1997, Louisiana became the first state to offer the option of a traditional marriage or a covenant marriage.
According to the 2010 United States census, 5.4% of the population age5 and older spoke Spanish at home, up from 3.5% in 2000; and 4.5% spoke French (including Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole), down from 4.8% in 2000. ===Race and ethnicity=== At the U.S.
In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000.
The act allows public school teachers to use supplemental materials in the science classroom which are critical of established science on such topics as the theory of evolution and global warming. In 2000, of all of the states, Louisiana had the highest percentage of students in private schools.
Danielle Dreilinger of The Times Picayune wrote in 2014 that "Louisiana parents have a national reputation for favoring private schools." The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% from circa 2000–2005 until 2014, due to the proliferation of charter schools, the 2008 recession and Hurricane Katrina.
Louisiana residents relocated across the country for temporary housing, and many have not returned. October 3, 2002, Lili (Category1 at landfall) August 25, 1992, Andrew (Category3 at landfall) struck south-central Louisiana.
State financial incentives since 2002 and aggressive promotion have given Louisiana the nickname "Hollywood South".
In 2004, David Vitter was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S.
On August 29, 2005, New Orleans and many other low-lying parts of the state along the Gulf of Mexico were hit by the catastrophic Hurricane Katrina.
As a result of NHC's forecasts, a massive evacuation of New Orleans took place after many residents having failed to leave for Katrina in 2005.
Around 1.5million people were without power in Louisiana on September 1. September 24, 2005, Rita (Category3 at landfall) struck southwestern Louisiana, flooding many parishes and cities along the coast, including Cameron Parish, Lake Charles, and other towns.
The storm's winds weakened the damaged levees in New Orleans and caused renewed flooding in parts of the city. August 29, 2005, Katrina (Category3 at landfall) struck and devastated southeastern Louisiana, where it breached and undermined levees in New Orleans, causing 80% of the city to flood.
In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000.
Per dollar of federal tax collected in 2005, Louisiana citizens received approximately $1.78 in the way of federal spending.
Federal spending in 2005 and subsequent years since has been exceptionally high due to the recovery from Hurricane Katrina. ===Energy=== Louisiana is rich in petroleum and natural gas.
In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both civil and criminal matters. In 2015, Louisiana had a higher murder rate (10.3 per 100,000) than any other state in the country for the 27th straight year.
p. 548. The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World by David Brion Davis 2006: Oxford University Press.
In late 2007 and early 2008, a film studio was scheduled to open in Tremé, with state-of-the-art production facilities, and a film training institute.
struck Louisiana seven years after Isaac, caused an estimated $600–700million in damages; and knocked out power to nearly 114,000 citizens. August 28–29, 2012, Isaac (Category1 at landfall) hits southeast Louisiana seven years after Katrina. September 1, 2008, Gustav (Category2 at landfall) made landfall along the coast near Cocodrie in southeastern Louisiana.
In late 2007 and early 2008, a film studio was scheduled to open in Tremé, with state-of-the-art production facilities, and a film training institute.
Both these Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) schools compete against each other in football annually in the much anticipated Bayou Classic during Thanksgiving weekend in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The Louisiana Science Education Act is a controversial law passed by the Louisiana Legislature on June 11, 2008, and signed into law by Governor Bobby Jindal on June 25.
Danielle Dreilinger of The Times Picayune wrote in 2014 that "Louisiana parents have a national reputation for favoring private schools." The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% from circa 2000–2005 until 2014, due to the proliferation of charter schools, the 2008 recession and Hurricane Katrina.
It was available in the New Orleans area beginning in 2008 and in the rest of the state beginning in 2012.
Between 2008 and 2010, federal congressional elections were run under a closed primary system—limited to registered party members.
From 1932 to 2010 the state lost 1,800 square miles due to rises in sea level and erosion.
The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Louisiana was 4,648,794 on July 1, 2019, a 2.55% increase since the 2010 United States census.
In 2010, the state of Louisiana had a population of 4,533,372, and in 2018 an estimated 4,659,978.
According to the 2010 United States census, 5.4% of the population age5 and older spoke Spanish at home, up from 3.5% in 2000; and 4.5% spoke French (including Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole), down from 4.8% in 2000. ===Race and ethnicity=== At the U.S.
As of 2010, the major ancestry groups of Louisiana are African American (30.4%), French (16.8%), American (9.5%), German (8.3%), Irish (7.5%), English (6.6%), Italian (4.8%) and Scottish (1.1%).
Increasing from 2010 and 2014's census information, Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.1% of Louisiana's population in 2018.
The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 1,200,900; Southern Baptist Convention with 709,650; and the United Methodist Church with 146,848.
An estimated 10% of the state's population practice nothing in particular as of 2014. ==Economy== The total gross state product in 2010 for Louisiana was $213.6billion, placing it 24th in the nation.
Between 2008 and 2010, federal congressional elections were run under a closed primary system—limited to registered party members.
Before 2010, Orleans Parish was the only parish to have two sheriff's offices.
As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age1 were minorities. In the American Community Survey's 2018 population estimates, 58.4% of the population was non-Hispanic white and 32.2% were Black or African American.
House of Representatives from 1891 until his death in 1908; Republican secretary of state Jay Dardenne (1954–), and Republican (Democrat before 2011) attorney general Buddy Caldwell (1946–). Other non-Christian religions are also primarily established in the metropolitan areas of Louisiana, including Islam and Hinduism.
struck Louisiana seven years after Isaac, caused an estimated $600–700million in damages; and knocked out power to nearly 114,000 citizens. August 28–29, 2012, Isaac (Category1 at landfall) hits southeast Louisiana seven years after Katrina. September 1, 2008, Gustav (Category2 at landfall) made landfall along the coast near Cocodrie in southeastern Louisiana.
It was available in the New Orleans area beginning in 2008 and in the rest of the state beginning in 2012.
In 2013 the number of students using school vouchers to attend private schools was 6,751, and for 2014 it was projected to over 8,800.
Louisiana is the second-most populous of the South Central United States after Texas. In 2014, approximately 64,500 undocumented immigrants lived in Louisiana.
Increasing from 2010 and 2014's census information, Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.1% of Louisiana's population in 2018.
In the Greater Shreveport metropolitan area, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.
An estimated 10% of the state's population practice nothing in particular as of 2014. ==Economy== The total gross state product in 2010 for Louisiana was $213.6billion, placing it 24th in the nation.
Its per capita personal income was $30,952, ranking 41st in the United States as of 2014. In 2014, Louisiana was ranked as one of the most small business friendly states, based on a study drawing upon data from more than 12,000 small business owners.
Danielle Dreilinger of The Times Picayune wrote in 2014 that "Louisiana parents have a national reputation for favoring private schools." The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% from circa 2000–2005 until 2014, due to the proliferation of charter schools, the 2008 recession and Hurricane Katrina.
In 2013 the number of students using school vouchers to attend private schools was 6,751, and for 2014 it was projected to over 8,800.
Same-sex marriages were prohibited by statute, but the Supreme Court declared such bans unconstitutional in 2015, in its ruling in Obergefell v.
In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both civil and criminal matters. In 2015, Louisiana had a higher murder rate (10.3 per 100,000) than any other state in the country for the 27th straight year.
Many people died and survivors suffered through the damage of the widespread floodwaters. In July 2016 the shooting of Alton Sterling sparked protests throughout the state capital of Baton Rouge.
In August 2016, an unnamed storm dumped trillions of gallons of rain on southern Louisiana, including the cities of Denham Springs, Baton Rouge, Gonzales, St.
The undocumented immigrant population increased to 70,000 in 2016 and comprised two percent of the state population.
South Louisiana was number 15 among world ports in 2016. New Orleans, Shreveport, and Baton Rouge are home to a thriving film industry.
It was in 2017, the largest ever recorded. ===Geology=== The Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea.
As of July 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 5.3%. The state's principal agricultural products include seafood (it is the biggest producer of crawfish in the world, supplying approximately 90%), cotton, soybeans, cattle, sugarcane, poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice.
In 2018, Louisiana was ranked as the least healthy state in the country, with high levels of drug-related deaths and excessive alcohol consumption, while it has had the highest homicide rate in the United States since at least the 1990s. ==Etymology== Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715.
In 2010, the state of Louisiana had a population of 4,533,372, and in 2018 an estimated 4,659,978.
In 2018, it was estimated that four percent of Louisianans are immigrants, while another four percent were native-born U.S.
As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age1 were minorities. In the American Community Survey's 2018 population estimates, 58.4% of the population was non-Hispanic white and 32.2% were Black or African American.
Increasing from 2010 and 2014's census information, Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.1% of Louisiana's population in 2018.
The Port of South Louisiana continued to be the busiest port by tonnage in the US through 2018, the latest available data.
An estimated 110,000 homes were damaged and thousands of residents were displaced. In 2019, three Louisiana black churches were set on fire.
The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Louisiana was 4,648,794 on July 1, 2019, a 2.55% increase since the 2010 United States census.
In 2019, the gross state product increased to $240.48billion.
As of 2019 the refining and chemical manufacturing sector employs more people in Louisiana than the up-stream oil and gas extraction sector. ==Culture== Louisiana is home to many, especially notable are the distinct culture of the Louisiana Creoles, descendants of French settlers in colonial Louisiana. ===African culture=== The French colony of La Louisiane struggled for decades to survive.
Holden Matthews, 21 years old, was charged with the destruction of the churches. The first case of COVID-19 in Louisiana was announced on March 9, 2020.
Since the first confirmed case as of October 27, 2020, there had been 180,069 confirmed cases; 5,854 people have died of COVID-19.
Major areas include Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, Lafayette, and Shreveport–Bossier City. ==Demographics== At the 2020 United States census, Louisiana had an apportioned population of 4,661,468.
Its resident population was 4,657,757 as of 2020 U.S.
Louisiana had eight votes in the Electoral College for the 2020 election. ===Administrative divisions=== Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes (the equivalent of counties in most other states). List of parishes in Louisiana Louisiana census statistical areas Most parishes have an elected government known as the Police Jury, dating from the colonial days.
IAAF male World Athlete of the Year 2020 Mannie Fresh; DJ, producer, and rapper Kevin Gates; rapper, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur Angela Kinsey, actress Ali Landry, actress and Miss USA 1996 Jared Leto, actor and musician Huey Long, politician Peyton Manning, former American football quarterback Tim McGraw, singer, actor and record producer Tyler Perry, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter Fred L.
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