In the 1750s, between 5,000 and 10,000 slaves were annually sold.
A strong degree of Brazilian influence was noted in Luanda until the Independence of Brazil in 1822. In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution.
The city served as the centre of slave trade to Brazil from circa 1550 to 1836.
The slave trade was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping.
The slave trade was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping.
By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.
Observed records since 1858 range from in 1958 to in 1916.
Observed records since 1858 range from in 1958 to in 1916.
Observed records since 1858 range from in 1958 to in 1916.
In 1972, a report called Luanda the "Paris of Africa". ===Independence=== By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city.
The majority of its population was African, but it was dominated by a strong minority of white Portuguese origin. After the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon on April 25, 1974, with the advent of independence and the start of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), most of the white Portuguese Luandans left as refugees, principally for Portugal, with many travelling overland to South Africa.
At the start of the Angolan Civil War in 1975, most of the white Portuguese left as refugees, principally for Portugal.
In 1972, a report called Luanda the "Paris of Africa". ===Independence=== By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city.
Petroleum (found in nearby off-shore deposits) is refined in the city, although this facility was repeatedly damaged during the Angolan Civil War of 1975–2002.
Luanda has an excellent natural harbour; the chief exports are coffee, cotton, sugar, diamonds, iron, and salt. The city also has a thriving building industry, an effect of the nationwide economic boom experienced since 2002, when political stability returned with the end of the civil war.
Luanda, however, in 2006 saw an increase in violent crime, particularly in the shanty towns that surround the colonial urban core. There is a sizable minority population of European origin, especially Portuguese (about 260,000), as well as Brazilians.
In 2007, the first modern shopping mall in Angola was established in the city at Belas Shopping mall. ==Transport== ===Railway=== Luanda is the starting point of the Luanda railway that goes due east to Malanje.
Luanda was the main host city for the matches of the 2010 African Cup of Nations. ==History== ===Portuguese colonization=== Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda on 25 January 1576 as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda", with one hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers.
These tariffs have caused much hardship in a country where the average salary was US$260 per month in 2010, the latest year for which data was available.
However, as the Angolan government did not continue to make the payments due to the Chinese enterprise in charge of the construction, the firm suspended its work in 2010. ===Port=== The Port of Luanda serves as the largest port of Angola and is one of the busiest ports in Africa.
However, new constructions have by now covered large areas beyond these traditional limits, and a number of previously independent nuclei — like Viana — were incorporated into the city. ===Metropolitan Luanda=== Until 2011, the former Luanda Province comprised what now forms five municipalities.
In 2011 the Province was enlarged by the addition of two additional municipalities transferred from Bengo Province, namely Icolo e Bengo, and Quiçama.
A new international airport, Angola International Airport is under construction southeast of the city, a few kilometres from Viana, which was expected to be opened in 2011.
On the other hand, luxury constructions for the benefit of the wealthy minority are booming. Luanda is one of the world's most expensive cities for resident foreigners. New import tariffs imposed in March 2014 made Luanda even more expensive.
In 2014, a new port is being developed at Dande, about 30 km to the north. ===Road transport=== Luanda's roads are in a poor state of repair, but are undergoing an extensive reconstruction process by the government in order to relieve traffic congestion in the city.
Excluding these additions, the five municipalities comprise Greater Luanda: Two new municipalities have been created within Greater Luanda since 2017: Talatona and Kilamba-Kiaxi ====Districts==== The city of Luanda is divided in six urban districts: Ingombota, Angola Quiluanje, Maianga, Rangel, Samba and Sambizanga. In Samba and Sambizanga, more high-rise developments are to be built.
Luanda and its metropolitan area is the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city in the world and the most populous Lusophone city outside Brazil, with over 8.3 million inhabitants in 2020 (a third of Angola's population). Among the oldest colonial cities of Africa, it was founded in January 1576 as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais.
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