The earliest surviving tile sets date to around 1870 and were acquired in Fuzhou, Shanghai, and Ningbo.
Today, it is a favorite pastime in China and other Chinese-speaking communities. === Mahjong in the West === In 1895, British sinologist William Henry Wilkinson wrote a paper which mentioned a set of cards known in central China by the name of ma chioh, literally, hemp sparrow, which he maintained was the origin of the term Mahjong.
First published under the title Korean Games, with Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan, University of Pennsylvania, 1895. Wilkinson, William H., ‘Chinese Origin of Playing Cards’, in The American Anthropologist, Volume VIII, 1895, pp. 61–78.
1, 2012, pp. 52–67. Wilkinson, William H.,(1890): Published in 1901 as pp 184–194 of Catalogue of the Collection of Playing Cards Bequeathed to the Trustees of the British Museum, F.
By 1910, there were written accounts in many languages, including French and Japanese. The game was imported to the United States in the 1920s.
Winners each round get a special drawing session for bonuses, usually doubling the score. Chinese classical Mahjong is the oldest surviving variety of Mahjong and was the version introduced to America in the 1920s under various names.
Modern variant triplicates or quadruplicates the jokers for a total of 176 or 184 tiles. Western classical Mahjong is a descendant of the version of Mahjong introduced by Babcock to America in the 1920s.
By 1910, there were written accounts in many languages, including French and Japanese. The game was imported to the United States in the 1920s.
were sold by Abercrombie & Fitch starting in 1920.
Mahjong became a central part of cultural bonding for Chinese Americans in the 1920s and '30s in Chinatown, Manhattan and was part of community building for suburban American Jewish women in the 1940s and 50s. Also in 1920, Joseph Park Babcock published his book Rules of Mah-Jongg, also known as the "red book".
His rules simplified the game to make it easier for Americans to take up, and his version was common through the Mahjong fad of the 1920s.
Later, when the 1920s fad died out, many of Babcock's simplifications were abandoned. The game has taken on a number of trademarked names, such as "Pung Chow" and the "Game of Thousand Intelligences".
Millington revived the Chinese classical game of the 1920s with his book The Complete Book of Mah-jongg (1977).
Mah-jongg Sales Company of America: 1923. Babcock, Smith, Hartman, Work, and Foster, The American Code Of Laws For Mah-Jongg.
XI, 1924, p. 153–168.
Standardization Committee: 1924. Millington, A.D., Complete Book of Mah Jong.
By the 1930s, many revisions of the rules developed that were substantially different from Babcock's classical version (including some that were considered fundamentals in other variants, such as the notion of a standard hand).
Standardization came with the formation of the National Mah Jongg League (NMJL) in 1937, along with the first American Mahjong rulebook, Maajh: The American Version of the Ancient Chinese Game, written by NMJL's first president and co-founder, Viola L.
Mahjong became a central part of cultural bonding for Chinese Americans in the 1920s and '30s in Chinatown, Manhattan and was part of community building for suburban American Jewish women in the 1940s and 50s. Also in 1920, Joseph Park Babcock published his book Rules of Mah-Jongg, also known as the "red book".
For example, Hong Xiuquan was the self-styled "Heavenly King of Great Peace" and his top subordinates were called east king, south king, west king, and north king. The ban on gambling after the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 led to a decline in playing.
Many gambling movies have been filmed in Hong Kong, and a recent subgenre is the Mahjong movie. Although the popularity of the game in China is still broad, since 1949, mahjong was frowned upon by the government because it is seen as a means of gambling addiction, an issue that the government always sought to tackle. Prolonged playing of Mahjong may trigger epileptic seizures according to a 2007 study.
O’Donoghue. Wilkinson, William H.,(1893): Published in Culin, Games of the Orient, Tuttle, 1958.
Wright Patterson Mah Jongg Group: 1963. ==== Historical research ==== Culin, Stewart, ‘The Game of Ma-Jong, its Origin and Significance’.
Since the 1980s, hundreds of different Mahjong arcade machines in Japanese video arcades have been created, including strip versions.
In 1986, the National Mah Jongg League conducted their first Mah Jongg Cruise Tournament, in conjunction with Mah Jongg Madness.
Cornell University Press: 1993.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 1993.
All players score and it is possible to score higher than the winner. Competition Mahjong is an international standard founded by All-China Sports Federation in July 1998 that some Mahjong societies have adopted for competition play and in some cases for all play.
The game involves stacking tiles face up in various elaborate patterns and removing uncovered matching tiles at the end of rows. == Competition == In 1998, in the interest of dissociating illegal gambling from Mahjong, the China State Sports Commission published a new set of rules, now generally referred to as Chinese Official rules or International Tournament rules (see Guobiao Majiang).
In 2010, this large scale seagoing event hosted its 25th Silver Anniversary Cruise, with players from all over the States and Canada participating. In 1999, a second organization was formed, the American Mah Jongg Association.
Tuttle Publishing: 2001. Zhou, H.
McGraw-Hill/Contemporary: 2001.
The winner of a game receives the score from the player who discards the winning tile, plus eight basic points from each player; in the case of zimo (self-drawn win), he receives the value of this round plus eight points from all players. The new rules were first used in an international tournament in Tokyo, where, in 2002, the first global tournament in Mahjong was organized by the Mahjong Museum, the Japan Mahjong Organizing Committee, and the city council of Ningbo, China.
4, 2004, pp. 153–162. Stanwick, Michael, ‘Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 2’.
5, 2004, pp. 206–215. Stanwick, Michael, ‘Mahjong(g), Before and After Mahjong(g): Part 1’.
Most players were Chinese; players from other nations attended as well. In 2005, the first Open European Mahjong Championship was held in the Netherlands, with 108 players.
5, No.2, Issue 9, April 2005, pp. 14 – 17 (in Japanese). Lo, Andrew, ‘China’s Passion for Pai: Playing Cards, Dominoes, and Mahjong’.
Organizing Committee of Chinese MaJiang: 2005. Hatsune, Mai and Takunori Kajimoto, translation by Ryan Morris World-Class Mahjong with World Champion Mai Hatsune: 2005. Pritchard, David B., The New mahjong.
There were 152 participants. In 2006, the World Mahjong Organization (WMO) was founded in Beijing, China, with the cooperation of, amongst others, the Japan Mahjong Organizing Committee (JMOC) and the European Mahjong Association (EMA).
4, 2006, pp. 259–268. Stanwick, Michael, ‘Mahjong(g), Before and After Mahjong(g): Part 2’.
1, 2006, pp. 27–39. Stanwick, Michael and Xu, Hongbing, 'Flowers and Kings: A Hypothesis of their Function in Early Ma Que'.
The first Online European Mahjong Championship was held on the Mahjong Time server in 2007, with 64 players, and the winner was Juliani Leo, from the U.S., and the Best European Player was Gerda van Oorschot, from the Netherlands.
This organization held its first World Mahjong Championship in November 2007 in the Chinese town of Chengdu, attended by 144 participants from all over the world.
Many gambling movies have been filmed in Hong Kong, and a recent subgenre is the Mahjong movie. Although the popularity of the game in China is still broad, since 1949, mahjong was frowned upon by the government because it is seen as a means of gambling addiction, an issue that the government always sought to tackle. Prolonged playing of Mahjong may trigger epileptic seizures according to a 2007 study.
3, 2007, pp. 148 – 153. Ebashi, Takashi, ‘Proto Mahjong.
As of 2008, there were approximately 7.6 million Mahjong players in Japan and an estimated 8,900 Mahjong parlors did ¥300 billion (converting to US$2.8 billion according to exchange rates for April 30, 2020) in sales.
1, 2008, pp. 29–40. Stanwick, Michael and Xu, Hongbing, 'From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)'s Earliest Suit Names'.
The Third Open European Mahjong Championship 2009 at Baden/Vienna, Austria, was won by Japanese player Koji Idota, while runner-up Bo Lang from Switzerland became European Champion.
In 2010, this large scale seagoing event hosted its 25th Silver Anniversary Cruise, with players from all over the States and Canada participating. In 1999, a second organization was formed, the American Mah Jongg Association.
This handbook includes a formal rules set for the game. Mahjong serves as a minor plot point in the 2016 American science fiction film Arrival where General Shang uses the game to interact with the aliens. === Current development === There are many governing bodies which often host exhibition games and tournaments for modern and traditional Mahjong gaming. Mahjong, as of 2010, is the most popular table game in Japan.
1, 2012, pp. 52–67. Wilkinson, William H.,(1890): Published in 1901 as pp 184–194 of Catalogue of the Collection of Playing Cards Bequeathed to the Trustees of the British Museum, F.
The AMJA currently hosts tournaments all across North America, with their signature event being at the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey prior to the casino’s closure on October 10, 2016. In the United Kingdom, British author Alan D.
This handbook includes a formal rules set for the game. Mahjong serves as a minor plot point in the 2016 American science fiction film Arrival where General Shang uses the game to interact with the aliens. === Current development === There are many governing bodies which often host exhibition games and tournaments for modern and traditional Mahjong gaming. Mahjong, as of 2010, is the most popular table game in Japan.
As of 2008, there were approximately 7.6 million Mahjong players in Japan and an estimated 8,900 Mahjong parlors did ¥300 billion (converting to US$2.8 billion according to exchange rates for April 30, 2020) in sales.
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