Since the late 1950s, mainframe designs have included subsidiary hardware (called channels or peripheral processors) which manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with high-speed memory.
In addition to IBM, significant players in this market include BMC, Compuware, and CA Technologies. ==History== Several manufacturers and their successors produced mainframe computers from the late 1950s until the early 21st Century, with gradually decreasing numbers and a gradual transition to simulation on Intel chips rather than proprietary hardware.
Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve.
Typewriter and Teletype devices were common control consoles for system operators through the early 1970s, although ultimately supplanted by keyboard/display devices. By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user terminals operating as timesharing computers, supporting hundreds of users simultaneously along with batch processing.
By the 1980s, many mainframes supported graphic display terminals, and terminal emulation, but not graphical user interfaces.
During the 1980s, minicomputer-based systems grew more sophisticated and were able to displace the lower-end of the mainframes.
This form of end-user computing became obsolete in the 1990s due to the advent of personal computers provided with GUIs.
In the early 1990s, there was a rough consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks.
In terms of computational speed, supercomputers are more powerful. Mainframes and supercomputers cannot always be clearly distinguished; up until the early 1990s, many supercomputers were based on a mainframe architecture with supercomputing extensions.
These computers, sometimes called departmental computers were typified by the Digital Equipment Corporation VAX series. In 1991, AT&T Corporation briefly owned NCR.
Another factor currently increasing mainframe use is the development of the Linux operating system, which arrived on IBM mainframe systems in 1999 and is typically run in scores or up to c.
After 2000, modern mainframes partially or entirely phased out classic "green screen" and color display terminal access for end-users in favour of Web-style user interfaces. The infrastructure requirements were drastically reduced during the mid-1990s, when CMOS mainframe designs replaced the older bipolar technology.
In 2000, Hitachi co-developed the zSeries z900 with IBM to share expenses, and latest Hitachi AP10000 models are made by IBM.
providing unified, extremely high volume online transaction processing databases for 1 billion consumers across multiple industries (banking, insurance, credit reporting, government services, etc.) In late 2000, IBM introduced 64-bit z/Architecture, acquired numerous software companies such as Cognos and introduced those software products to the mainframe.
IBM's quarterly and annual reports in the 2000s usually reported increasing mainframe revenues and capacity shipments.
Alsop had himself photographed in 2000, symbolically eating his own words ("death of the mainframe"). In 2012, NASA powered down its last mainframe, an IBM System z9.
For example, in the 4th quarter of 2009, IBM's System z hardware revenues decreased by 27% year over year.
Alsop had himself photographed in 2000, symbolically eating his own words ("death of the mainframe"). In 2012, NASA powered down its last mainframe, an IBM System z9.
, while mainframe technology represented less than 3% of IBM's revenues, it "continue[d] to play an outsized role in Big Blue's results". In 2015, IBM launched the IBM z13, in June 2017 the IBM z14 and in September 2019 IBM launched the latest version of the product, the IBM z15. ==Differences from supercomputers== A supercomputer is a computer at the leading edge of data processing capability, with respect to calculation speed.
, while mainframe technology represented less than 3% of IBM's revenues, it "continue[d] to play an outsized role in Big Blue's results". In 2015, IBM launched the IBM z13, in June 2017 the IBM z14 and in September 2019 IBM launched the latest version of the product, the IBM z15. ==Differences from supercomputers== A supercomputer is a computer at the leading edge of data processing capability, with respect to calculation speed.
, while mainframe technology represented less than 3% of IBM's revenues, it "continue[d] to play an outsized role in Big Blue's results". In 2015, IBM launched the IBM z13, in June 2017 the IBM z14 and in September 2019 IBM launched the latest version of the product, the IBM z15. ==Differences from supercomputers== A supercomputer is a computer at the leading edge of data processing capability, with respect to calculation speed.
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