The Ottoman sultans took a keen interest in the Prophet's Mosque and redesigned it over and over to suit their preferences. ==== First Saudi insurgency ==== As the Ottomans' hold over their domains broke loose, the Madanis pledged alliance to Saud bin Abdulaziz, founder of the First Saudi state in 1805 CE (1220 AH), who quickly took over the city.
In 1811 CE (1226 AH), Muhammad Ali Pasha, Ottoman commander and Wali of Egypt, commanded two armies under each of his two sons to seize Medina, the first one, under the elder Towson Pasha, failed to take Medina.
In 1840 CE (1256 AH), Muhammad moved his troops out of the city and officially handed the city to the central Ottoman command. ==== Second Ottoman period ==== Four years in 1844 CE (1260 AH), after Muhammad Ali Pasha's departure, Davud Pasha was given the position of governor of Medina under the Ottoman sultan.
In 1840 CE (1256 AH), Muhammad moved his troops out of the city and officially handed the city to the central Ottoman command. ==== Second Ottoman period ==== Four years in 1844 CE (1260 AH), after Muhammad Ali Pasha's departure, Davud Pasha was given the position of governor of Medina under the Ottoman sultan.
Medina witnessed the longest siege in its history during and after World War I. === Modern history === ==== Sharifate of Mecca and Saudi conquest ==== The Sharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali, first attacked Medina on 6 June 1916 CE or 4 Sha'aban 1334 AH, in the middle of World War I.
Fakhri Pasha, governor of Medina, tenaciously held on during the Siege of Medina from 10 June 1916 and refused to surrender and held on another 72 days after the Armistice of Moudros, until he was arrested by his own men and the city was taken over by the Sharifate on 10 January 1919.
Fakhri Pasha, governor of Medina, tenaciously held on during the Siege of Medina from 10 June 1916 and refused to surrender and held on another 72 days after the Armistice of Moudros, until he was arrested by his own men and the city was taken over by the Sharifate on 10 January 1919.
As of 1920, the British described Medina as "much more self-supporting than Mecca." After the Great War, the Sharif of Mecca, Sayyid Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed King of an independent Hejaz.
As of 1920, 139 varieties of dates were being grown in the area, along with other vegetables.
Established in 1942, it was the second-largest school in the country at that time.
The Islamic University, established in 1961, is the oldest higher education institution in the region, with around 22000 students enrolled.
Established in 1985, the biggest publisher of Quran in the world, it employs around 1100 people and publishes 361 different publications in many languages.
Religious tourism plays a major part in Medina's economy, being the second holiest city in Islam, and holding many historical Islamic locations, it attracts more than 7 million annual visitors who come to perform Hajj during the Hajj season, and Umrah throughout the year. Medina has two industrial areas, the larger one was established in 2003 with a total area of 10,000,000 m2, and managed by the Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones (MODON).
The Knowledge Economic City (KEC) is a Saudi Arabian joint stock company founded in 2010.
The Dar Al Madinah Museum opened in 2011 and it uncovers the history of Medina specializing in the architectural and urban heritage of the city.
In 2012, the university expanded its programs by establishing the College of Science, which offers Engineering and Computer science majors.
The city is served by three ring roads: King Faisal Road, a 5 km ring road that surrounds Al-Masjid an-Nabawi and the downtown area, King Abdullah Road, a 27 km road that surrounds most of urban Medina and King Khalid Road is the biggest ring road that surrounds the whole city and some rural areas with 60 km of roads. ===Bus and rapid transit=== The bus transport system in Medina was established in 2012 by the MMDA and is operated by SAPTCO.
The airport project was announced as the world's best by Engineering News-Records 3rd Annual Global Best Projects Competition held on 10 September 2015.
===Roads=== In 2015, the MMDA announced Darb as-Sunnah (Sunnah Path) Project, which aims to develop and transform the 3 km (2 mi) Quba'a Road connecting the Quba'a Mosque to the al-Masjid an-Nabawi to an avenue, paving the whole road for pedestrians and providing service facilities to the visitors.
In 2015, the MMDA announced a three-line metro project in extension to the public transportation master plan in Medina. ===Rail=== The historic Ottoman railways were shutdown and the railway stations, including the one in Medina, were converted into museums by the Saudi government.
In 2017, the MMDA launched the Madinah Sightseeing Bus service.
3, Book 30, Hadith 104) == Demographics == As of 2018, the recorded population was 2,188,138, with a growth rate of 2.32%.
However, the Central Hajj Commissioner Prince Khalid bin Faisal stated that the numbers of illegal staying visitors dropped by 29% in 2018. ===Religion=== As with most cities in Saudi Arabia, Islam is the religion followed by the majority of the population of Medina. Sunnis of different schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali) constitute the majority, while there is a significant Shia minority in and around Medina, such as the Nakhawila.
The Madinah Arts Center, founded in 2018 and operated by the MMDA's Cultural Wing, focuses on modern and contemporary arts.
The center is located in King Fahd Park, close to Quba Mosque on an area of 8,200 square meters (88,264 square feet) In 2018, the MMDA launched Madinah Forum of Arabic Calligraphy, an annual forum to celebrate Arabic calligraphy and renowned Arabic calligraphers.
It is the fourth-busiest airport in Saudi Arabia, handling 8,144,790 passengers in 2018.
The Haramain High Speed Railway (HHR) came into operation in 2018, linking Medina and Mecca, and passes through three stations: Jeddah, King Abdul Aziz International Airport, and King Abdullah Economic City.
By the end of 2019, the MMDA announced its plan to expand the bus network with 15 BRT lines.
The 2020 estimated population of the city is 1,488,782, making it the fourth-most populous city in the country.
As of February 2020, before the implementation of social distancing measures and curfews, it held more than 13 group and solo art galleries, along with weekly workshops and discussions.
In April 2020, it was announced that the center was renamed the Prince Mohammed bin Salman Center for Arabic Calligraphy, and upgraded to an international hub for Arabic Calligraphers, in conjunction with the "Year of Arabic Calligraphy" event organized by the Ministry of Culture during the years 2020 and 2021. Other projects launched by the MMDA Cultural Wing include the Madinah Forum of Live Sculpture held at Quba Square, with 16 sculptors from 11 countries.
It offers 89 academic programs and has a strength of 69210 students as of 2020.
In April 2020, it was announced that the center was renamed the Prince Mohammed bin Salman Center for Arabic Calligraphy, and upgraded to an international hub for Arabic Calligraphers, in conjunction with the "Year of Arabic Calligraphy" event organized by the Ministry of Culture during the years 2020 and 2021. Other projects launched by the MMDA Cultural Wing include the Madinah Forum of Live Sculpture held at Quba Square, with 16 sculptors from 11 countries.
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