1764 to 1777, began the meritocratic system of appointing central officials according to their ability, rather than their birth. ===19th century=== In the United States, the federal bureaucracy used the Spoils System from 1828 until the assassination of United States President James A.
1764 to 1777, began the meritocratic system of appointing central officials according to their ability, rather than their birth. ===19th century=== In the United States, the federal bureaucracy used the Spoils System from 1828 until the assassination of United States President James A.
Meadows successfully argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China, published in 1847, that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic.
In the modern American meritocracy, the president may hand out only a certain number of jobs, which must be approved by the United States Senate. Australia began establishing public universities in the 1850s with the goal of promoting meritocracy by providing advanced training and credentials.
Garfield in 1881 prompted the replacement of the American Spoils System with a meritocracy.
Garfield by a disappointed office seeker in 1881 proved its dangers.
In 1883, The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed, stipulating government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit through competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. The most common form of meritocratic screening found today is the college degree.
Two years later in 1883, the system of appointments to the United States Federal Bureaucracy was revamped by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, partially based on the British meritocratic civil service that had been established years earlier.
This economic aspect of meritocracies has been said to continue nowadays in countries without free educations, with the Supreme Court of the United States, for example, consisting only of justices who attended Harvard or Yale and generally only considering clerkship candidates who attended a top-five university, while in the 1950s the two universities only accounted for around one fifth of the justices.
It was used pejoratively by British politician and sociologist Michael Dunlop Young in his 1958 satirical essay.
This problem is encapsulated in the phrase "Every selection of one is a rejection of many". It was also used by Hannah Arendt in her essay "Crisis in Education", which was written in 1958 and refers to the use of meritocracy in the English educational system.
It was not until 1972 that Daniel Bell used the term positively. ==History== ===Ancient times: China=== According to scholarly consensus, the earliest example of an administrative meritocracy, based on civil service examinations, dates back to Ancient China.
This reduces the effectiveness of a meritocratic system, the supposed main practical benefit of which is the competence of those who run the society. In his book Meritocratic Education and Social Worthlessness (Palgrave, 2012), the philosopher Khen Lampert argued that educational meritocracy is nothing but a post-modern version of Social Darwinism.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.
Meritocratic Education and Social Worthlessness, Palgrave-Macmillan, UK, 24 December 2012; Mulligan, Thomas.
All text is taken from Wikipedia. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
Page generated on 2021-08-05