The Congress opted for the British Parliamentary Standard from 1758 and the Troy Pound of Great Britain from 1824 as length and weight standards.
This process began in France during the 1790s and continues more than two centuries later.
Rather than using different names for each unit of length, he proposed a series of names that had prefixes, rather like the prefixes found in SI. In 1790, Thomas Jefferson submitted a report to the United States Congress in which he proposed the adoption of a decimal system of coinage and of weights and measures.
There was considerable resistance to metrication in the United Kingdom and in the United States. ===France=== The introduction of the metric system into France in 1795 was done on a district by district basis with Paris being the first district.
This intermediate step eased the transition to a metric-based system. By the La loi du 4 juillet 1837 (the law of 4 July 1837), Louis Philippe I effectively revoked the use of mesures uselles by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.
The Zollpfund ceased to be legal in Germany after 1877. ===Italy=== The Cisalpine Republic, a North Italian republic set up by Napoleon in 1797 with its capital at Milan first adopted a modified form of the metric system based in the braccio cisalpino (Cisalpine cubit) which was defined to be half a metre.
This intermediate step eased the transition to a metric-based system. By the La loi du 4 juillet 1837 (the law of 4 July 1837), Louis Philippe I effectively revoked the use of mesures uselles by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.
Numerous Tavole di ragguaglio (Conversion Tables) were displayed in shops until 31 December 1870. ===Netherlands=== The Netherlands (as the revolutionary Batavian Republic) began to use the metric system from 1799 but, as with its co-revolutionaries in France, encountered numerous practical difficulties.
Hong Kong uses three systems (traditional, Imperial and metric) and all three are permitted for use in trade. ==Chronology of conversion process== The metric system was officially introduced in France in December 1799.
On the territory of the current canton of Jura, then annexed to France (Mont-Terrible), the metre was adopted in 1800.
Theses prototypes defined the metre right up until 1960. === Switzerland === In 1801, the Helvetic Republic at the instigation of Johann Georg Tralles promulgated a law introducing the metric system which was never applied, because in 1803 the competence for weights and measures returned to the cantons.
In 1802 the Cisalpine Republic was renamed the Italian Republic, with Napoleon as its head of state.
Theses prototypes defined the metre right up until 1960. === Switzerland === In 1801, the Helvetic Republic at the instigation of Johann Georg Tralles promulgated a law introducing the metric system which was never applied, because in 1803 the competence for weights and measures returned to the cantons.
The following year the Cisalpine system of measure was replaced by the metric system. In 1806, the Italian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Italy with Napoleon as its emperor.
Subsequently, as part of the First French Empire since 1809, the Netherlands used Napoloeon's mesures usuelles from their introduction in 1812 until the fall of his Empire in 1815.
Baden, in 1810, for example, redefined the Ruthe (rods) as being 3.0 m exactly and defined the subunits of the Ruthe as 1 Ruthe = 10 Fuß (feet) = 100 Zoll (inches) = 1,000 Linie (lines) = 10,000 Punkt (points) while the Pfund was defined as being 500 g, divided into 30 Loth, each of 16.67 g.
Bavaria, in its reform of 1811, trimmed the Bavarian Pfund from 561.288 g to 560 g exactly, consisting of 32 Loth, each of 17.5 g while the Prussian Pfund remained at 467.711 g. After the Congress of Vienna there was a degree of commercial cooperation between the various German states resulting in the German Customs Union (Zollverein).
Under the décret impérial du 12 février 1812 (imperial decree of 12 February 1812), a new system of measure – the mesures usuelles ("customary measures") was introduced for use in small retail businesses – all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education.
By 1812, all of Italy from Rome northwards was under the control of Napoleon, either as French Departments or as part of the Kingdom of Italy ensuring the metric system was in use throughout this region. After the Congress of Vienna, the various Italian states reverted to their original system of measurements, but in 1845 the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia passed legislation to introduce the metric system within five years.
Subsequently, as part of the First French Empire since 1809, the Netherlands used Napoloeon's mesures usuelles from their introduction in 1812 until the fall of his Empire in 1815.
Canton of Geneva adopted the metric system in 1813, canton of Vaud in 1822, canton of Valais in 1824 and canton of Neuchâtel in 1857.
In 1814, Portugal became the first country not part of the French Empire to officially adopt the metric system.
The decision to adopt the metric system is said to have been the Norwegian Parliament's fastest decision in peace time. ===Portugal=== In August 1814, Portugal officially adopted the metric system but with the names of the units substituted by Portuguese traditional ones.
In 1814, Portugal adopted the metric system, but with the names of the units substituted by Portuguese traditional ones.
Subsequently, as part of the First French Empire since 1809, the Netherlands used Napoloeon's mesures usuelles from their introduction in 1812 until the fall of his Empire in 1815.
Nevertheless the primary baseline of the US Coast Survey was measured in 1834 at Fire Island using four two-metre iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in the United Kingdom and brought back in the United States in 1815.
Under the (Dutch) Weights and Measures Act of 21 August 1816 and the Royal decree of 27 March 1817 (Koningklijk besluit van den 27 Maart 1817), the newly formed Kingdom of the Netherlands abandoned the mesures usuelles in favour of the "Dutch" metric system (Nederlands metrisch stelsel) in which metric units were simply given the names of units of measure that were then in use.
Under the (Dutch) Weights and Measures Act of 21 August 1816 and the Royal decree of 27 March 1817 (Koningklijk besluit van den 27 Maart 1817), the newly formed Kingdom of the Netherlands abandoned the mesures usuelles in favour of the "Dutch" metric system (Nederlands metrisch stelsel) in which metric units were simply given the names of units of measure that were then in use.
Canton of Geneva adopted the metric system in 1813, canton of Vaud in 1822, canton of Valais in 1824 and canton of Neuchâtel in 1857.
Examples of efforts to have local intercity or national standards for measurements include the Scottish law of 1641, and the British standard imperial system of 1824, which is still commonly used in the United Kingdom.
Canton of Geneva adopted the metric system in 1813, canton of Vaud in 1822, canton of Valais in 1824 and canton of Neuchâtel in 1857.
In 1977, Switzerland joined the International System of Units. ===United Kingdom=== In 1824 the Weights and Measures Act imposed one standard 'imperial' system of weights and measures on the British Empire.
The Congress opted for the British Parliamentary Standard from 1758 and the Troy Pound of Great Britain from 1824 as length and weight standards.
In 1830 the Congress decided to create uniform standards for length and weight in the United States.
This unit was used for inter-state movement of goods, but was not applied in all states for internal use. In 1832, Carl Friedrich Gauss studied the Earth's magnetic field and proposed adding the second to the basic units of the metre and the kilogram in the form of the CGS system (centimetre, gram, second).
Nevertheless the primary baseline of the US Coast Survey was measured in 1834 at Fire Island using four two-metre iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in the United Kingdom and brought back in the United States in 1815.
Twelve cantons of the Swiss Plateau and the north-east adopted in 1835 a concordat based on the federal foot (exactly 0.3 m) which entered in force in 1836.
In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with Alexander von Humboldt and Wilhelm Edouard Weber.
Twelve cantons of the Swiss Plateau and the north-east adopted in 1835 a concordat based on the federal foot (exactly 0.3 m) which entered in force in 1836.
This intermediate step eased the transition to a metric-based system. By the La loi du 4 juillet 1837 (the law of 4 July 1837), Louis Philippe I effectively revoked the use of mesures uselles by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.
A survey of Switzerland in 1838 revealed that the foot had 37 different regional variations, the ell had 68, there were 83 different measures for dry grain, 70 measures for fluids and 63 different measures for "dead weights".
The cantons of central and eastern Switzerland, as well as the Alpine cantons continued to use the old measures. Guillaume-Henri Dufour founded in 1838 in Geneva a topographic office (future Federal Office of topography), which published under his direction, from 1845 to 1864, the first official map of Switzerland, on the basis of new cantonal measurements.
This intermediate step eased the transition to a metric-based system. By the La loi du 4 juillet 1837 (the law of 4 July 1837), Louis Philippe I effectively revoked the use of mesures uselles by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.
By 1812, all of Italy from Rome northwards was under the control of Napoleon, either as French Departments or as part of the Kingdom of Italy ensuring the metric system was in use throughout this region. After the Congress of Vienna, the various Italian states reverted to their original system of measurements, but in 1845 the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia passed legislation to introduce the metric system within five years.
The cantons of central and eastern Switzerland, as well as the Alpine cantons continued to use the old measures. Guillaume-Henri Dufour founded in 1838 in Geneva a topographic office (future Federal Office of topography), which published under his direction, from 1845 to 1864, the first official map of Switzerland, on the basis of new cantonal measurements.
Spain found it expedient in 1858 to follow the French example and within a decade Latin America had also adopted the metric system, or had already adopted the system, such as the case of Chile by 1848.
The frame would be divided into sexagesimal minutes and centesimal minutes; the latters, each subdivided into ten parts, provide the advantage of showing kilometers in the direction of the meridians; so that there are new scales on the sides of the sheet to appreciate the distances. According to the 1848 Constitution the federal foot was to come into force throughout the country.
By 1849 however, it proved difficult to maintain the old system and in that year the metric system became the legal system of measure in Spain. The Spanish Royal Academy of Science urged the Government to approve the creation of a large-scale map of Spain in 1852.
By 1849 however, it proved difficult to maintain the old system and in that year the metric system became the legal system of measure in Spain. The Spanish Royal Academy of Science urged the Government to approve the creation of a large-scale map of Spain in 1852.
There were, however, still many barriers to trade until Bavaria took the lead in establishing the General German Commercial Code in 1856.
Canton of Geneva adopted the metric system in 1813, canton of Vaud in 1822, canton of Valais in 1824 and canton of Neuchâtel in 1857.
Spain found it expedient in 1858 to follow the French example and within a decade Latin America had also adopted the metric system, or had already adopted the system, such as the case of Chile by 1848.
By 1860, most of Italy had been unified under the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II and under Law 132 of 28 July 1861 the metric system became the official system of measurement throughout the kingdom.
By 1860, most of Italy had been unified under the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II and under Law 132 of 28 July 1861 the metric system became the official system of measurement throughout the kingdom.
Cantonal calibrators were supervised by a Federal Bureau of Verification created in 1862, whose management was entrusted to Heinrich von Wild from 1864.
A Select Committee report of 1862 recommended compulsory metrication, but with an "Intermediate permissive phase"; Parliament responded in 1864 by legalising metric units only for 'contracts and dealings'.
The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German: Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung) on the initiative of Johann Jacob Baeyer in 1863, and by that of the International Meteorological Organisation whose second president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist, Heinrich von Wild represented Russia at the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM).
The cantons of central and eastern Switzerland, as well as the Alpine cantons continued to use the old measures. Guillaume-Henri Dufour founded in 1838 in Geneva a topographic office (future Federal Office of topography), which published under his direction, from 1845 to 1864, the first official map of Switzerland, on the basis of new cantonal measurements.
Cantonal calibrators were supervised by a Federal Bureau of Verification created in 1862, whose management was entrusted to Heinrich von Wild from 1864.
A Select Committee report of 1862 recommended compulsory metrication, but with an "Intermediate permissive phase"; Parliament responded in 1864 by legalising metric units only for 'contracts and dealings'.
Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero and Saavedra went to Paris to supervise the production by Brunner of a measuring instrument which they had devised and which they later compared with Borda's double-toise N°1 which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic bases in France and whose length was by definition 3.8980732 metres at a specified temperature. In 1865 the triangulation of Spain was connected with that of Portugal and France.
The Metre Convention was signed on 20 May 1875 in Paris and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was created under the supervision of the CIPM. Although the Zollverein collapsed after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the metric system became the official system of measurement in the newly formed German Empire in 1872 and of Austria in 1875.
In 1866 at the conference of the Association of Geodesy in Neuchâtel, Ibáñez announced that Spain would collaborate in remeasuring the French meridian arc.
In 1879 Ibáñez and François Perrier (representing France) completed the junction between the geodetic network of Spain and Algeria and thus completed the measurement of the French meridian arc which extended from Shetland to the Sahara. In 1866, Spain and Portugal joined the Central European Arc Measurement which would become the European Arc Measurement the next year.
In 1866 the United States Congress passed a bill making it lawful to use the metric system in the United States.
This led to the Mendenhall Order which redefined the customary units by referring to the national metric prototypes, but used the conversion factors of the 1866 act.
Subsequent bills suffered a similar fate. The United States mandated the acceptance of the metric system in 1866 for commercial and legal proceedings, without displacing their customary units.
In 1867, the European Arc Measurement (German: Europäische Gradmessung) called for the creation of a new, international prototype metre (IPM) and the arrangement of a system where national standards could be compared with it.
In 1867 at the second general conference of the geodetic association held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth.
In 1868 the metric system was legalized alongside the federal foot, which was a first step towards its definitive introduction.
Petersburg the adoption of the metre and the creation of an international metre commission, after a preliminary discussion held in Neuchâtel between Johann Jacob Baeyer director of the Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute, Adolphe Hirsch founder of the Neuchâtel Observatory and Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero Spanish representative, founder and first director of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional. In November 1869 the French government issued invitations to join this commission.
The French government gave practical support to the creation of an International Metre Commission, which met in Paris in 1870 and again in 1872 with the participation of about thirty countries.
Numerous Tavole di ragguaglio (Conversion Tables) were displayed in shops until 31 December 1870. ===Netherlands=== The Netherlands (as the revolutionary Batavian Republic) began to use the metric system from 1799 but, as with its co-revolutionaries in France, encountered numerous practical difficulties.
Spain accepted and Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero took part in the Committee of preparatory research from the first meeting of the International Metre Commission in 1870.
In the 19th century, the metric system was adopted by almost all European countries: Portugal (1814); Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (1820); Switzerland (1835); Spain (1850s); Italy (1861); Romania (1864); Germany (1870, legally from 1 January 1872); and Austria-Hungary (1876, but the law was adopted in 1871).
The French government gave practical support to the creation of an International Metre Commission, which met in Paris in 1870 and again in 1872 with the participation of about thirty countries.
The Metre Convention was signed on 20 May 1875 in Paris and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was created under the supervision of the CIPM. Although the Zollverein collapsed after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the metric system became the official system of measurement in the newly formed German Empire in 1872 and of Austria in 1875.
He became president of the permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission in 1872.
In the 19th century, the metric system was adopted by almost all European countries: Portugal (1814); Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (1820); Switzerland (1835); Spain (1850s); Italy (1861); Romania (1864); Germany (1870, legally from 1 January 1872); and Austria-Hungary (1876, but the law was adopted in 1871).
The British Empire permitted the use of metric measures in 1873, but the changeover was not completed in most Commonwealth countries other than India and Australia until the 1970s and 1980s when governments took an active role in metric conversion.
In 1874 he was elected as president of the Permanent Commission of the European Arc Measurement.
The Metre Convention was signed on 20 May 1875 in Paris and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was created under the supervision of the CIPM. Although the Zollverein collapsed after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the metric system became the official system of measurement in the newly formed German Empire in 1872 and of Austria in 1875.
Examples include the ons (ounce) which was defined as being 100 g. === Norway === In 1875, Norway was the first country to ratify the metre convention, and it was seen as an important step for Norway to gain independence.
He also presided the General Conference of the European Arc Measurement held in Paris in 1875, when the association decided the creation of an international geodetic standard for the bases' measurement.
He represented Spain at the 1875 conference of the Metre Convention, which was ratified the same year in Paris.
In 1875, the competence for weights and measures was assigned to the Confederation and Switzerland represented by Adolphe Hirsch joined the Metre Convention.
The Zollpfund ceased to be legal in Germany after 1877. ===Italy=== The Cisalpine Republic, a North Italian republic set up by Napoleon in 1797 with its capital at Milan first adopted a modified form of the metric system based in the braccio cisalpino (Cisalpine cubit) which was defined to be half a metre.
The same year a federal law imposed the metric system from January 1, 1877.
In 1879 Ibáñez and François Perrier (representing France) completed the junction between the geodetic network of Spain and Algeria and thus completed the measurement of the French meridian arc which extended from Shetland to the Sahara. In 1866, Spain and Portugal joined the Central European Arc Measurement which would become the European Arc Measurement the next year.
The United Kingdom initially declined to sign the Treaty of the Metre, but did so in 1883.
His activities resulted in the distribution of a platinum and iridium prototype of the metre to all States parties to the Metre Convention during the first meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1889.
Meanwhile, British scientists and technologists were at the forefront of the metrication movement – it was the British Association for the Advancement of Science that promoted the CGS system of units as a coherent system and it was the British firm Johnson Matthey that was accepted by the CGPM in 1889 to cast the international prototype metre and kilogram. In 1895 another Parliamentary select committee recommended the compulsory adoption of the metric system after a two-year permissive period.
Meanwhile, British scientists and technologists were at the forefront of the metrication movement – it was the British Association for the Advancement of Science that promoted the CGS system of units as a coherent system and it was the British firm Johnson Matthey that was accepted by the CGPM in 1889 to cast the international prototype metre and kilogram. In 1895 another Parliamentary select committee recommended the compulsory adoption of the metric system after a two-year permissive period.
In 1896 a bill that would make the metric system mandatory in the United States was presented to Congress.
Thailand did not formally adopt the metric system until 1923, but the Royal Thai Survey Department used it for cadastral survey as early as 1896.
The 1897 Weights and Measures Act legalised the metric units for trade, but did not make them mandatory.
A bill to make the metric system compulsory in order to enable the British industrial base to fight off the challenge of the nascent German base passed through the House of Lords in 1904, but did not pass in the House of Commons before the next general election was called.
Following opposition by the Lancashire cotton industry, a similar bill was defeated in 1907 in the House of Commons by 150 votes to 118. In 1965 the UK began an official programme of metrication that, as of , has not been completed and has effectively been halted. In the United Kingdom metric is the official system for most regulated trading by weight or measure purposes, but some imperial units remain the primary official unit of measurement.
Denmark and Iceland adopted the metric system in 1907. ===Chronology and status of conversion by country/region=== Links in the country/region point to articles about metrication in that country/region. Notes There are three common ways that nations convert from traditional measurement systems to the metric system.
Thailand did not formally adopt the metric system until 1923, but the Royal Thai Survey Department used it for cadastral survey as early as 1896.
Imperial China had at one time successfully standardised units for volume throughout its territory, but by 1936 official investigations uncovered 53 values for the chi varying from 200 millimetres to 1250 millimetres; 32 values of the cheng, between 500 millilitres and 8 litres; and 36 different tsin ranging from 300 grams to 2,500 grams.
Theses prototypes defined the metre right up until 1960. === Switzerland === In 1801, the Helvetic Republic at the instigation of Johann Georg Tralles promulgated a law introducing the metric system which was never applied, because in 1803 the competence for weights and measures returned to the cantons.
It's changeover lasted from 1 April 1960, when metric measurements became legal, to 1 April 1962, when all other systems were banned.
It's changeover lasted from 1 April 1960, when metric measurements became legal, to 1 April 1962, when all other systems were banned.
Following opposition by the Lancashire cotton industry, a similar bill was defeated in 1907 in the House of Commons by 150 votes to 118. In 1965 the UK began an official programme of metrication that, as of , has not been completed and has effectively been halted. In the United Kingdom metric is the official system for most regulated trading by weight or measure purposes, but some imperial units remain the primary official unit of measurement.
South Africa (then not a member of the Commonwealth) set up a Metrication Advisory Board in 1967, New Zealand set up its Metric Advisory Board in 1969, Australia passed the Metric Conversion Act in 1970 and Canada appointed a Metrication Commission in 1971. Metrication in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa was essentially complete within a decade, while in Canada metrication has been halted since the 1970s.
South Africa (then not a member of the Commonwealth) set up a Metrication Advisory Board in 1967, New Zealand set up its Metric Advisory Board in 1969, Australia passed the Metric Conversion Act in 1970 and Canada appointed a Metrication Commission in 1971. Metrication in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa was essentially complete within a decade, while in Canada metrication has been halted since the 1970s.
South Africa (then not a member of the Commonwealth) set up a Metrication Advisory Board in 1967, New Zealand set up its Metric Advisory Board in 1969, Australia passed the Metric Conversion Act in 1970 and Canada appointed a Metrication Commission in 1971. Metrication in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa was essentially complete within a decade, while in Canada metrication has been halted since the 1970s.
Most other Commonwealth countries adopted the metric system during the 1970s. Apart from the United Kingdom and Canada, which have effectively halted their metrication programs, the great majority of countries using the imperial system have completed official metrication during the second half of the 20th century or the first decade of the 21st century.
The most recent to complete this process was the Republic of Ireland, which began metric conversion in the 1970s and completed it in early 2005.
The British Empire permitted the use of metric measures in 1873, but the changeover was not completed in most Commonwealth countries other than India and Australia until the 1970s and 1980s when governments took an active role in metric conversion.
The non-mandatory nature of the adoption of the SI has resulted in a much slower pace of adoption in the US than in other countries. In 1971 the US National Bureau of Standards completed a three-year study of the impact of increasing worldwide metric use on the US.
South Africa (then not a member of the Commonwealth) set up a Metrication Advisory Board in 1967, New Zealand set up its Metric Advisory Board in 1969, Australia passed the Metric Conversion Act in 1970 and Canada appointed a Metrication Commission in 1971. Metrication in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa was essentially complete within a decade, while in Canada metrication has been halted since the 1970s.
Public Law 93-380, enacted 21 August 1974, states that it is the policy of the US to encourage educational agencies and institutions to prepare students to use the metric system of measurement with ease and facility as a part of the regular education program.
On 23 December 1975, President Gerald Ford signed Public Law 94-168, the Metric Conversion Act of 1975.
In 1977, Switzerland joined the International System of Units. ===United Kingdom=== In 1824 the Weights and Measures Act imposed one standard 'imperial' system of weights and measures on the British Empire.
The British Empire permitted the use of metric measures in 1873, but the changeover was not completed in most Commonwealth countries other than India and Australia until the 1970s and 1980s when governments took an active role in metric conversion.
Throughout the 1990s, the European Commission helped accelerate the process for member countries to complete their metric conversion processes.
In 2001, the EU directive 80/181/EEC stated that supplementary units (imperial units alongside metric including labelling on packages) would become illegal from the beginning of 2010.
The most recent to complete this process was the Republic of Ireland, which began metric conversion in the 1970s and completed it in early 2005.
In September 2007, a consultation process was started which resulted in the directive being modified to permit supplementary units to be used indefinitely. The third method is to redefine traditional units in terms of metric values.
There is not a general consensus in the sources as to the number of countries that fall into each of these categories. According to Vera in a 2011 doctoral dissertation, as of 2010, a total of seven countries had not "adopted the metric system as their exclusive system of measurement".
In 2001, the EU directive 80/181/EEC stated that supplementary units (imperial units alongside metric including labelling on packages) would become illegal from the beginning of 2010.
There is not a general consensus in the sources as to the number of countries that fall into each of these categories. According to Vera in a 2011 doctoral dissertation, as of 2010, a total of seven countries had not "adopted the metric system as their exclusive system of measurement".
The government had announced that they have plans to convert their country to the metric system by the first quarter of 2015.
Some sources now identify Liberia as metric, and the government of Myanmar has stated that the country would metricate with a goal of completion by 2019.
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