Production units of the 4004 were first delivered to Busicom in March 1971 and shipped to other customers in late 1971. ====Texas Instruments TMX 1795 (1970-1971)==== Along with Intel (who developed the 8008), Texas Instruments developed in 1970–1971 a one-chip CPU replacement for the Datapoint 2200 terminal, the TMX 1795 (later TMC 1795.) Like the 8008, it was rejected by customer Datapoint.
According to Gary Boone, the TMX 1795 never reached production.
With present technology, it is actually every two years, and as a result Moore later changed the period to two years. ===First projects=== These projects delivered a microprocessor at about the same time: Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer (CADC) (1970), Texas Instruments' TMS 1802NC (September 1971) and Intel's 4004 (November 1971, based on an earlier 1969 Busicom design).
Since it was built to the same specification, its instruction set was very similar to the Intel 8008. ====Texas Instruments TMS 1802NC (1971)==== The TMS1802NC was announced September 17, 1971, and implemented a four-function calculator.
Thus, the SOS version of the 1802 was said to be the first radiation-hardened microprocessor. The RCA 1802 had a static design, meaning that the clock frequency could be made arbitrarily low, or even stopped.
The ability to operate computer systems using Boolean Logic was first proven in a 1938 Thesis by Masters Student Claude Shannon, who later went on to become a Professor.
Shannon is considered "The Father of Information Theory". Following the development of MOS integrated circuit chips in the early 1960s, MOS chips reached higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar integrated circuits by 1964.
MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by Moore's law, leading to large-scale integration (LSI) with hundreds of transistors on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s.
Designers in the late 1960s were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chipsets. The first commercially produced microprocessor was the Intel 4004, released as a single MOS LSI chip in 1971.
Shannon is considered "The Father of Information Theory". Following the development of MOS integrated circuit chips in the early 1960s, MOS chips reached higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar integrated circuits by 1964.
The key team members had originally been tasked by Elliott Automation to create an 8-bit computer in MOS and had helped establish a MOS Research Laboratory in Glenrothes, Scotland in 1967. Calculators were becoming the largest single market for semiconductors so Pico and GI went on to have significant success in this burgeoning market.
The earliest MOS transistors had aluminium metal gates, which Italian physicist Federico Faggin replaced with silicon self-aligned gates to develop the first silicon-gate MOS chip at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968.
Ray Holt's autobiographical story of this design and development is presented in the book: The Accidental Engineer. Ray Holt graduated from California Polytechnic University in 1968, and began his computer design career with the CADC.
Faggin, who originally developed the silicon gate technology (SGT) in 1968 at Fairchild Semiconductor and designed the world's first commercial integrated circuit using SGT, the Fairchild 3708, had the correct background to lead the project into what would become the first commercial general purpose microprocessor.
In 1968, CTC's Vic Poor and Harry Pyle developed the original design for the instruction set and operation of the processor.
The 4004 was designed for Busicom, which had earlier proposed a multi-chip design in 1969, before Faggin's team at Intel changed it into a new single-chip design.
With present technology, it is actually every two years, and as a result Moore later changed the period to two years. ===First projects=== These projects delivered a microprocessor at about the same time: Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer (CADC) (1970), Texas Instruments' TMS 1802NC (September 1971) and Intel's 4004 (November 1971, based on an earlier 1969 Busicom design).
Arguably, Four-Phase Systems AL1 microprocessor was also delivered in 1969. ====Four-Phase Systems AL1 (1969)==== The Four-Phase Systems AL1 was an 8-bit bit slice chip containing eight registers and an ALU.
It was designed by Lee Boysel in 1969.
The microprocessor was designed by a team consisting of Italian engineer Federico Faggin, American engineers Marcian Hoff and Stanley Mazor, and Japanese engineer Masatoshi Shima. The project that produced the 4004 originated in 1969, when Busicom, a Japanese calculator manufacturer, asked Intel to build a chipset for high-performance desktop calculators.
Although not a chip designer, he felt the CPU could be integrated into a single chip, but as he lacked the technical know-how the idea remained just a wish for the time being. While the architecture and specifications of the MCS-4 came from the interaction of Hoff with Stanley Mazor, a software engineer reporting to him, and with Busicom engineer Masatoshi Shima, during 1969, Mazor and Hoff moved on to other projects.
In 1969, CTC contracted two companies, Intel and Texas Instruments, to make a single-chip implementation, known as the CTC 1201.
The design was complete by 1970, and used a MOS-based chipset as the core CPU.
In April 1970, Intel hired Italian engineer Federico Faggin as project leader, a move that ultimately made the single-chip CPU final design a reality (Shima meanwhile designed the Busicom calculator firmware and assisted Faggin during the first six months of the implementation).
Production units of the 4004 were first delivered to Busicom in March 1971 and shipped to other customers in late 1971. ====Texas Instruments TMX 1795 (1970-1971)==== Along with Intel (who developed the 8008), Texas Instruments developed in 1970–1971 a one-chip CPU replacement for the Datapoint 2200 terminal, the TMX 1795 (later TMC 1795.) Like the 8008, it was rejected by customer Datapoint.
In late 1970 or early 1971, TI dropped out being unable to make a reliable part.
In 1970, with Intel yet to deliver the part, CTC opted to use their own implementation in the Datapoint 2200, using traditional TTL logic instead (thus the first machine to run "8008 code" was not in fact a microprocessor at all and was delivered a year earlier).
Designers in the late 1960s were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chipsets. The first commercially produced microprocessor was the Intel 4004, released as a single MOS LSI chip in 1971.
Faggin later joined Intel and used his silicon-gate MOS technology to develop the 4004, along with Marcian Hoff, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima in 1971.
Intel introduced the first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit Intel 4004, in 1971.
With present technology, it is actually every two years, and as a result Moore later changed the period to two years. ===First projects=== These projects delivered a microprocessor at about the same time: Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer (CADC) (1970), Texas Instruments' TMS 1802NC (September 1971) and Intel's 4004 (November 1971, based on an earlier 1969 Busicom design).
(2007), This convergence of DSP and microcontroller architectures is known as a digital signal controller. ====Pico/General Instrument==== In 1971, Pico Electronics and General Instrument (GI) introduced their first collaboration in ICs, a complete single chip calculator IC for the Monroe/Litton Royal Digital III calculator.
In 1987, the GI Microelectronics business was spun out into the Microchip PIC microcontroller business. ====Intel 4004 (1971) ==== The Intel 4004 is generally regarded as the first true microprocessor built on a single chip, priced at The first known advertisement for the 4004 is dated November 15, 1971 and appeared in Electronic News.
Production units of the 4004 were first delivered to Busicom in March 1971 and shipped to other customers in late 1971. ====Texas Instruments TMX 1795 (1970-1971)==== Along with Intel (who developed the 8008), Texas Instruments developed in 1970–1971 a one-chip CPU replacement for the Datapoint 2200 terminal, the TMX 1795 (later TMC 1795.) Like the 8008, it was rejected by customer Datapoint.
Since it was built to the same specification, its instruction set was very similar to the Intel 8008. ====Texas Instruments TMS 1802NC (1971)==== The TMS1802NC was announced September 17, 1971, and implemented a four-function calculator.
In late 1970 or early 1971, TI dropped out being unable to make a reliable part.
Intel's version of the 1201 microprocessor arrived in late 1971, but was too late, slow, and required a number of additional support chips.
It was soon followed by the 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8008 in 1972. Other embedded uses of 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds of automation etc., followed soon after.
The patent was later invalidated, but not before substantial royalties were paid out. ===8-bit designs=== The Intel 4004 was followed in 1972 by the Intel 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor.
Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972, as the world's first 8-bit microprocessor.
By virtue of its CMOS technology and associated benefits, the 6100 was being incorporated into some military designs until the early 1980s. ===16-bit designs=== The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973.
It was the basis for the famous "Mark-8" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio-Electronics in 1974.
Motorola released the competing 6800 in August 1974, and the similar MOS Technology 6502 was released in 1975 (both designed largely by the same people).
An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the IMP-8. Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors include one that Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used in the LSI-11 OEM board set and the packaged PDP 11/03 minicomputer—and the Fairchild Semiconductor MicroFlame 9440, both introduced in 1975–76.
Motorola released the competing 6800 in August 1974, and the similar MOS Technology 6502 was released in 1975 (both designed largely by the same people).
An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the IMP-8. Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors include one that Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used in the LSI-11 OEM board set and the packaged PDP 11/03 minicomputer—and the Fairchild Semiconductor MicroFlame 9440, both introduced in 1975–76.
In 1975, National introduced the first 16-bit single-chip microprocessor, the National Semiconductor PACE, which was later followed by an NMOS version, the INS8900. Another early single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TMS 9900, which was also compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers.
WDC pioneered the licensing of microprocessor designs, later followed by ARM (32-bit) and other microprocessor intellectual property (IP) providers in the 1990s. Motorola introduced the MC6809 in 1978.
The 6502 family rivaled the Z80 in popularity during the 1980s. A low overall cost, little packaging, simple computer bus requirements, and sometimes the integration of extra circuitry (e.g.
the Z80's built-in memory refresh circuitry) allowed the [computer] "revolution" to accelerate sharply in the early 1980s.
By virtue of its CMOS technology and associated benefits, the 6100 was being incorporated into some military designs until the early 1980s. ===16-bit designs=== The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973.
The Apple Lisa and Macintosh designs made use of the 68000, as did a host of other designs in the mid-1980s, including the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga. The world's first single-chip fully 32-bit microprocessor, with 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and general production in 1982.
This was one of the design's few wins, and it disappeared in the late 1980s.
All these systems ran the UNIX System V operating system. The first commercial, single chip, fully 32-bit microprocessor available on the market was the HP FOCUS. Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor was the iAPX 432, which was introduced in 1981, but was not a commercial success.
A variation of the 6502, the MOS Technology 6510 was used in the Commodore 64 and yet another variant, the 8502, powered the Commodore 128. The Western Design Center, Inc (WDC) introduced the CMOS WDC 65C02 in 1982 and licensed the design to several firms.
The Apple Lisa and Macintosh designs made use of the 68000, as did a host of other designs in the mid-1980s, including the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga. The world's first single-chip fully 32-bit microprocessor, with 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and general production in 1982.
It had an advanced capability-based object-oriented architecture, but poor performance compared to contemporary architectures such as Intel's own 80286 (introduced 1982), which was almost four times as fast on typical benchmark tests.
The family later expanded to include the 99105 and 99110. The Western Design Center (WDC) introduced the CMOS 65816 16-bit upgrade of the WDC CMOS 65C02 in 1984.
After the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, it was renamed the WE 32000 (WE for Western Electric), and had two follow-on generations, the WE 32100 and WE 32200.
The MC68020, introduced in 1984 added full 32-bit data and address buses.
RISC microprocessors were initially used in special-purpose machines and Unix workstations, but then gained wide acceptance in other roles. The first commercial RISC microprocessor design was released in 1984, by MIPS Computer Systems, the 32-bit R2000 (the R1000 was not released).
Intel then released the 80186 and 80188, the 80286 and, in 1985, the 32-bit 80386, cementing their PC market dominance with the processor family's backwards compatibility.
Other designs included the Zilog Z80000, which arrived too late to market to stand a chance and disappeared quickly. The ARM first appeared in 1985.
In 1987, in the non-Unix Acorn computers' 32-bit, then cache-less, ARM2-based Acorn Archimedes became the first commercial success using the ARM architecture, then known as Acorn RISC Machine (ARM); first silicon ARM1 in 1985.
In 1986, HP released its first system with a PA-RISC CPU.
In 1987, the GI Microelectronics business was spun out into the Microchip PIC microcontroller business. ====Intel 4004 (1971) ==== The Intel 4004 is generally regarded as the first true microprocessor built on a single chip, priced at The first known advertisement for the 4004 is dated November 15, 1971 and appeared in Electronic News.
In 1987, in the non-Unix Acorn computers' 32-bit, then cache-less, ARM2-based Acorn Archimedes became the first commercial success using the ARM architecture, then known as Acorn RISC Machine (ARM); first silicon ARM1 in 1985.
WDC pioneered the licensing of microprocessor designs, later followed by ARM (32-bit) and other microprocessor intellectual property (IP) providers in the 1990s. Motorola introduced the MC6809 in 1978.
The 68k family faded from use in the early 1990s. Other large companies designed the 68020 and follow-ons into embedded equipment.
There are microcontroller-oriented ARM cores without virtual memory support, as well as symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) applications processors with virtual memory. From 1993 to 2003, the 32-bit x86 architectures became increasingly dominant in desktop, laptop, and server markets, and these microprocessors became faster and more capable.
The Navy refused to allow publication of the design until 1997.
AMD were therefore more competitive in low- to mid-end servers and workstations that more effectively used fewer cores and threads. Taken to the extreme, this trend also includes manycore designs, with hundreds of cores, with qualitatively different architectures. ==Market statistics== In 1997, about 55% of all CPUs sold in the world were 8-bit microcontrollers, of which over 2 billion were sold. In 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the world were 32-bit or more.
Released in 1998, the documentation on the CADC, and the MP944 chipset, are well known.
From its inception, it was shrouded in secrecy until 1998 when at Holt's request, the US Navy allowed the documents into the public domain.
Because the cores are physically close to each other, they can communicate with each other much faster than separate (off-chip) processors in a multiprocessor system, which improves overall system performance. In 2001, IBM introduced the first commercial multi-core processor, the monolithic two-core POWER4.
AMD were therefore more competitive in low- to mid-end servers and workstations that more effectively used fewer cores and threads. Taken to the extreme, this trend also includes manycore designs, with hundreds of cores, with qualitatively different architectures. ==Market statistics== In 1997, about 55% of all CPUs sold in the world were 8-bit microcontrollers, of which over 2 billion were sold. In 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the world were 32-bit or more.
There are microcontroller-oriented ARM cores without virtual memory support, as well as symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) applications processors with virtual memory. From 1993 to 2003, the 32-bit x86 architectures became increasingly dominant in desktop, laptop, and server markets, and these microprocessors became faster and more capable.
Taken as a whole, the average price for a microprocessor, microcontroller, or DSP is just over . In 2003, about $44 billion (equivalent to about $ billion in ) worth of microprocessors were manufactured and sold.
The quality-adjusted price of laptop microprocessors improved −25% to −35% per year in 2004–2010, and the rate of improvement slowed to −15% to −25% per year in 2010–2013. About 10 billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008.
Personal computers did not receive multi-core processors until the 2005 introduction, of the two-core Intel Pentium D.
The quality-adjusted price of laptop microprocessors improved −25% to −35% per year in 2004–2010, and the rate of improvement slowed to −15% to −25% per year in 2010–2013. About 10 billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008.
The quality-adjusted price of laptop microprocessors improved −25% to −35% per year in 2004–2010, and the rate of improvement slowed to −15% to −25% per year in 2010–2013. About 10 billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008.
The Niagara 2 supports more threads and operates at 1.6 GHz. High-end Intel Xeon processors that are on the LGA 775, LGA 1366, and LGA 2011 sockets and high-end AMD Opteron processors that are on the C32 and G34 sockets are DP (dual processor) capable, as well as the older Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9775 also used in an older Mac Pro by Apple and the Intel Skulltrail motherboard.
In 2012, Intel led on the desktop side of the computer CPU market, with their Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge series, while at the same time, AMD's Opterons had superior performance for their price point.
All text is taken from Wikipedia. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
Page generated on 2021-08-05